Small Group Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Little Group Team - Essay Example A group that has generally been known for its smooth passing game, Arsenal, an English football club situated in London have as of late go under a great deal of investigation for failing to meet expectations, for which miscommunication among the players has been refered to as a significant issue. Having seen a season where they stayed magnificent and were delegated the victor of English football in 2003/2004, Arsenal has been without any flatware in English football since 2005. The period following their age of greatness has been set apart by built up players leaving the club and new faces coming in. This reshuffling has brought about a slack in execution as it possesses taken energy for the new players to settle in. On the 26th of February Arsenal’s coordinate against Tottenham Hotspurs gave some intriguing understanding on the team’s correspondence elements. Despite the fact that Arsenal dominated the match 5-2, various holes were apparent in the group elements that t he crew needs to deal with. . Arsenal’s execution as of late has been damaged by an absence of administration, particularly after various star entertainers had left. This absence of a nonentity has been clinical in Arsenal’s horrible showing this season. ... Before their match with Tottenham, the group was seen heating up on the ground. A specific example was perceptible, about portion of the group was heating up around the chief as a circle and every one of them were confronting him. Despite the fact that this training was individual in nature as each player was heating up all alone yet their positions inadvertently reaffirmed their confidence in their commander. This was trailed by the skipper dispatching directions and imparting a system to all the players. Strangely, the commander had 2 or 3 senior players remaining close by while having the pre-coordinate group talk with the more youthful players. At the point when the match began Arsenal yielded two fast objectives, them two brought about by protective failures. After the primary objective one of the senior protectors was seen talking boisterously to one of the more youthful players, while the objective manager took a gander at his safeguards frustratingly with his hands on his bac k. This conduct was observable particularly among the senior-to-junior player connection and proceeded till Arsenal leveled the scores and the group got a fundamental assurance support. The captain’s conduct during the entirety of this offers an alternate point of view, he was seen praising the leader of the youthful player as an indication of consolation and continually attempting to lift the camaraderie up by reciting cheers. As a positive, the players were seen praising each other after a decent tackle was made or a nearby shot on objective was endeavored. Understand that football being a group game requires equivalent measures of exertion and duty from every player. A frail connection can cause the entire team’s endeavors to go futile. This is maybe why a portion of the more experienced players are seen chastising a portion of the more yearning youthful players

THE THEORY OF FREIGHT RATES An Amazing Assortment Of Goods Are Moved O

THE THEORY OF FREIGHT RATES An astonishing variety of products are moved over the universes sea exchange courses. Of need, the bearers charge for the administration they render. These charges shift nearly as generally as do the cargoes, for they reflect both the shipowner's expenses and the unique conditions persuading the exchange courses crossed by the boats. Sea cargo rates might be portrayed as the costs charged for the administrations of water transporters. Each boat administrator builds up it's own rates, for the most part without conference with the shippers. The charges mirror the expense of giving the carriage, the estimation of this support of the proprietor of the merchandise, the capacity of the product to help the cost of transportation, and monetary conditions as a rule. Cargo rates really mirror the working of the laws of gracefully and request. In tramp dispatching, especially, it is conceivable to watch how these variables impact the ascent or fall of cargo rates from everyday and from payload to freight. Tramp ships transport, in shipload (or full freight) parts, items which, similar to coal, grain, metal, and phosphate rock, can be moved in mass. The way that normally just a single shipper and one item are included rearranges the foundation of a cargo rate for this specific development. To the capital charges of proprietorship and the cost of organization and overhead should be included the expense of running the boat, dealing with the payload, and paying port charges and harbor levy. Against this absolute is set the quantity of tons to be pulled, and the resultant figure is what the tramp must charge, per ton of freight stacked, to make back the initial investment on the thought about journey. On the off chance that serious conditions grant, an edge for benefit will shape some portion of the cited rate. In the event that anyway the predominant monetary atmosphere is troublesome, the proprietor has the benefit of resigning the boat to a quit backwater, there to hold up until the money related skies are more splendid. The tramp administrator doesn't rely on the longterm generosity of the shippers, however is allowed to acknowledge those offers which seem productive right now. At the point when difficulty compromises, those contracts are acknowledged which limit foreseen misfortunes. On the off chance that there is a decision, the expense of impermanent lay-up is differentiated with the misfortune which proceeded with activity may create, and the more affordable option is chosen in a bow to the inescapable made with whatever effortlessness that can be gathered. Liner-administration organizations, then again, depend for money related flourishing upon the collected generosity of shippers who, as the years progressed, come to depend upon the customary and proceeded with activity of the organization's armada. Transitory withdrawal from administration at whatever point monetary conditions are not exactly positive is inconceivable. The liner will cruise on her ordinary run, regardless of whether full or not, she will convey a wide assortment of products, each with its own characteristics, in amounts which can be evaluated ahead of time pretty much precisely, however never with complete assurance. The ports of call are known far ahead of time of cruising, and the all out cost of working the boat can be determined with satisfactory accuracy. Since, be that as it may, the specific dispersion of tonnage, ware by item, fluctuates with each excursion, it isn't conceivable to build up a rate that mirrors the expense of moving a solitary ton of a specific product as intently as does a tramp proprietor's calculation. This isn't to propose that liner-administration administrators can't register to a comfort the expenses of possessing and working their boats. They know to a small amount of a penny their day by day costs for amortization and enthusiasm on obtained capital, and what managerial costs they should charge to person journeys. In a similar way that their partners in the tramping exchange can fix singular rates, liner proprietors can figure out what they should charge per-ton to convey a solitary item when it is offered in parcels adequate to fill one of their boats. For a fact, the liner-administration administrators know roughly what is going to move, a great many journeys, and have a smart thought of what tonnage to anticipate. They should appraise the overhead to be charged against every item and the cash based expenses of taking care of them at ports of stacking furthermore, release. A division of income must be made to settle the authoritative cost of the vessel activity. At long last, a little benefit ought to be added to remunerate the proprietors for the dangers they accept just as for their aptitude and venture,

Relaxation Techniques to Manage Social Anxiety Disorder

Relaxation Techniques to Manage Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Anxiety Disorder Relaxation Techniques By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on February 04, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Hero Images /Getty Images Anxiety disorder relaxation techniques are an important part of many behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders and specifically for social anxiety disorder (SAD). For example, if you have a fear of public speaking, part of your treatment may involve practicing deep breathing and muscle relaxation while imagining giving a speech. While relaxation techniques often form part of a more comprehensive treatment plan, these are strategies that you can also practice on your own at home. Four strategies in particular that have been used are diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training, and guided imagery. Diaphragmatic Breathing Diaphragmatic breathing, or deep breathing, is the practice of expanding your diaphragm as you breathe, so that your stomach rises and falls, instead of your chest. During an anxiety attack, you are more likely to take shallow breaths, which contributes to symptoms of anxiety. Tips for Practicing Diaphragmatic Breathing By practicing how to breathe slowly and deeply while in a relaxed setting, you will be better able to call upon this method of relaxation during times of stress. Deep breathing also forms the foundation upon which other relaxation techniques are built, so it is an important concept to master. Progressive Muscle Relaxation Have you ever noticed the feeling you have after a really intense workout? Your muscles have been fatigued to the point that your body is totally relaxed. This is the objective of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR). Alternating between tense and relaxed muscles helps to induce full-body relaxation. During this practice, you will be directed to tense and relax various muscles throughout your body. How to Use Progressive Muscle Relaxation for Anxiety PMR can also be paired with imaginal exposures in which you picture yourself facing feared situations and learning to relax as you do so. Autogenic Training Autogenic training describes a technique similar to meditation, in which you repeat a series of statements to yourself about different parts of your body. The repetition of these statements is believed to influence the functioning of your autonomic nervous system, which includes your heart rate. Guided Imagery Have you ever wished you could escape to a tropical island or hole up in a log cabin? If you dont have the time or means to actually live out your fantasy, give guided imagery a try. This technique involves using all of your senses to imagine yourself in a relaxed setting. Your body, in turn, enters a relaxed state. Be careful, though, you may become so relaxed that you fall asleep! It is best not to practice this technique when you have to be somewhere soon. Try it out at night before you plan to fall asleep. Research on Relaxation for Anxiety A 2017  meta-analysis of 50 studies (2801 patients) compared relaxation training with cognitive and behavioral treatments for anxiety. Results of that study showed that there was no significant difference between relaxation and cognitive and behavioral therapies for generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias.   In addition, a 2018 systematic review with meta-analyses exploring the effect of relaxation therapy with people with anxiety disorders showed that relaxation therapy was effective for this group to reduce negative emotions as well as symptoms of depression, phobia, and worry. Putting Relaxation Into Practice Once youve chosen a relaxation technique, be sure to set a time to follow through. Though you might feel like you dont have time to relax, that is probably a sign that you need to make time for some relaxation. By incorporating a daily or weekly practice into your life, you might actually find that you start to look forward to the feeling of calm that it brings. A Word From Verywell If your social anxiety is severe and you have not already sought help from a mental health professional, this should be your first step. However, if you are just looking for some additional support, the use of these self-help strategies may be helpful to reduce your symptoms. Set aside a regular time of day to practice these relaxation techniques, so that it will become a habit. Over time, you should notice that it becomes easier to calm yourself when in stressful or anxiety-provoking situations. Coping With Social Anxiety

The First Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century Essay

The First Industrial Revolution started prior to the 18th century in the 1700’s. The prior events that started up the industrial revolution began with some innovations that were very basic, but are key to the rise of the revolution. These were small hand tools, which had been created to work on houses/barns, live stalk, and so on. The most basic machines were invented in this time too, but giving the time for a revolution to appear through these new ideas that had been created. The first Industrial Revolution took place from the 18th century to the 19th century. The revolution marked a time of industrialization in, which many special purposed machinery were made, factories were created, and a mass amount of production had begun. The most crucial time in this revolution was when the main inventions were created that had changed the industry forever. As these new inventions, materials, and machinery were invented we saw a huge amount of new improved systems, such as factories, m arketplaces, transportation, clothing, and communication. If all these factors demonstrate industrialization, how will they play a part in society in the Industrial Revolution? Prior Events Leading to Revolution: The First Industrial Revolution didn’t begin everywhere, but only in one main country, known as Britain. Industrialization wasn’t spread into other countries, such as France, United States, and Germany until the 19th century when they were truly established in industrialization. Now inShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution in the Great Britain of the 1800s1205 Words   |  5 Pagesconditions to spearhead the first true revolution that had an effect in all aspects of life since the invention of fire. It possessed necessary prerequisites, such as formidable population size, bountiful coal and iron deposits, and the demand of such a revolution, to gain a head start over the rest of the world. The confluence of such factors culminated in a perfect storm, a storm that destined humanity to become more than an average species. The Industrial Revolution in the Great Britain in theRead MoreThe Impact of The British Revolution on Society Es say example546 Words   |  3 PagesThe British revolution had a great impact on the society. Various complicated machines tools were used in the production and rural-agricultural and commercial society to a progressive rural- industrial society, this period of time old ideas mere modified, not swept away and gradually new ideas took place. This thing helped Britain changing their city life, social class structure, the power of the British nation amongst rest of the world, the production of machinery, and the strength of the economyRead MoreThe Invention Of The First Industrial Revolution1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe First Industrial Revolution Envision living in a society dominated by factories that just recently transformed from arable land and farms. Imagine constantly hearing about brand new inventions and ideas that were deemed impossible only a few years ago. Visualize working long hours in cramped factories, in exchange for low pay and contagious diseases. For some people that lived during the age of industrialization, this was their reality of life. During the 18th and 19th century, the world wasRead MoreThe Importance Of The Industrial Revolution865 Words   |  4 PagesAs the 19th century was starting, so was the start of the Industrial Revolution. The 1800s began with a bang as Count Alessandro Volta invented the first battery. Volta is the reason why we now measure electricity in â€Å"volts.† About ten years later Joseph Nicephore Niepce would create a machine that could produce a likeness or photograph. The first photos were taken around his house, the process took several hours to complete. A little l ater in the same year, the first steamed powertrain was perfectedRead MoreFrankenstein Pursuit Of Knowledge Essay1673 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge one cannot help but see the correlations between Mary Shelley s infamous character, the ‘creature’ and the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. In addition to the obvious correlation between the monster Frankenstein and the Industrial Revolution, any analysis would be incomplete without the supposition that the 18th and 19th century Industrial Revolution overlaps or encompasses many of the additional themes in Mary Shelley s novel. These additional themes include feminismRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1097 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines. Did You Know? The word luddite refers to a person who is opposedRead MoreEssay on The First Industrial Revolution: Progressing Society1022 Words   |  5 PagesThe First Industrial Revolution: Progressing Society The First Industrial Revolution modified every aspect of daily life. According to Princeton University â€Å"Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants† (Princeton par. 6). The First Industrial Revolution brought along machines, a capitalist economy, and trade expansion. Machines increased productivity, capitalistRead MoreHow Did Industrialization Affect The Industrial Revolution1247 Words   |  5 Pagesof the 19th century delivered a considerable amount of change as a result of the Industrial Revolution. While the majority of modifications began in England their effects could be felt throughout Europe. The development of more efficient and mechanized tools to further industry, specifically the textile industry, became common place in England during the later part of the 18th century and the early part of the 19th. As society moved fr om an agriculturally based economy to an industrial based economyRead MoreHistorical Events And Their Impact On The World952 Words   |  4 Pagespast. The Industrial Revolution during the 18th to 19th century, the Industrialization of the 20th century, World War I and World War II, all left traces and have greatly impacted the way we live in today particularly out living standard. The goal of the paper is to discuss the effects of these historical events on the way we live in terms of living standards. The First Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution during the 18th to 19th century was referred to as the First Industrial RevolutionRead MoreEffects of the Industrial Revolution727 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolution, lasting between the 18th and 19th century, profoundly affected the people of Europe, North America, and other regions of the world. The revolution produced new exciting technological innovations. As a result, the socioeconomic climate and cultural aspects of Europe and North America were altered in an unprecedented manner. Industrial opportunities also lured the population away from agrarian lifestyles to more urban populaces. The Industrial Revolution extensively changed

Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Problem Solving Essay Topics List and What You Should Do Today

Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Problem Solving Essay Topics List and What You Should Do Today All you need to do is tell the writer what kind of an essay that you want to have and the deadline. All you will need is a simple topic. As you proceed through different topics, this format will arrive in handy as you brainstorm the thoughts and structure of the essay. Let's take a quick glance at some of the most fascinating problem solution essay topics for students that will assist you in writing an essay. Let's talk about the simple issue and solution essay ideas. The involvement essays money in solution and the way it can alter the face of our nation. Mental wellness care Sadly, many people with mental illnesses aren't getting the treatment they require. Future results of the problem can be applied as leverage for the call to action. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. The new year gives one a whole lot of chances to research different essays and the ways how they are sometimes written. One of the most important challenges which you will face in your early college years is the gluttony of essays which are going to be assigned in a variety of courses. During the duration of your academic car eer, whether at school or university, you'll almost certainly have to write a minumum of one problem solution essay. A problem solution essay seems to be something which not only college students may get assigned. The Do's and Don'ts of Problem Solving Essay Topics List There are even ideas on driving and transportation so you'll be able to detect something which you're able to write about. How to stop drunk driving and deaths because of it You have the chance to earn a difference by means of your essay. Self-driving cars reduce the danger of automobile accidents. There are a lot of problems, even on your own campus, that have to be resolved. A solution essay presents an issue, describes what the writer thinks is the very best solution to the issue, and then supports her or his selection of solution. Write a problem solution essay about exactly what you should do. Then you need to enlist solutions to fix the issue. When you're ready with the problem on your hands, you mus t think over the ideal solution. To fix a problem through writing isn't as simple as it sounds. Once you get your problem, you will need to speak about it a small bit and persuade the reader's opinion that the problem should be resolved. Problem is a question which requires solution. Put simply, locate a situation which will deal with some social, cultural, or historical matter. If you own a topic provided already, click the order now button to file your request. No matter your case might be, ensure each of the body paragraphs analyzes a distinct element of your topic. The main reason is there are basically only two main things you will have to write about in your problem and solution essay, making it so much simpler to research info and structure the paper. All About Problem Solving Essay Topics List Sometimes you receive the problem and you've got to state the difficulties. Should you look around, you are going to observe social troubles that affect society daily. You merely need a couple of problems as remember you don't have a lot of time and you will need to spell out the difficulties. Another significant problem is the development of internet fraud and hacking. Thus, you've got to be quite careful whilst recommending the ideas. Therefore, before getting down to finalizing a topic that interests you, below are some guidelines you want to bear in mind. Persist with the plan which you have chosen. The plan you've got for solving the issue must be strong.

Answer to exercises Free Essays

Why does the Hong Kong Government impose duties on very few types of imports? p. 151 Discuss 12. Explain how the imposition of tariffs and quotas may restrict international trade and rotect domestic industries. We will write a custom essay sample on Answer to exercises or any similar topic only for you Order Now p. 154 12. 2 ‘Free trade benefits everybody in an economy. ‘ Do you agree? Explain. Test yourself Refer to Fig. 12. 5. Explain why the supply curve after the imposition ofa unit tariff t is represented by the line abeg (Hint: Find out the quantities supplied at domestic prices below, equal to and above (Pw + t), respectively). p. 160 12. 3 Who would gain and who would lose under a quota? Fill in the following table with a in the appropriate box and account for them. Lose Reasons The importing country which imposes a quota Consumers Producers of import-competing industries The government The exporting faces a quota Producers of exports How do trade barriers imposed on the exports of the mainland of China also adversely affect Hong Kong? pp. 173-176 Exercises Multiple Choice Questions Free trade A. benefits all domestic consumers and producers. B. benefits domestic consumers of imports but harms domestic producers of import- competing industries. C. benefits domestic consumers of exports but harms domestic producers of exports. D. arms all domestic consumers and producers. Which of the following descriptions about trade barriers is INCORRECT? A. A tariff is a ax imposed on imports. B. A quota is a maximum limit imposed on the quantity of imports. C. An export subsidy is a government grant on exports. D. Exchange control is the government control over exchange rates, i. e. the prices of foreign currencies in terms of domestic currency. Which of the following is an effect of a quota? A. A quota shifts the supply curve of the imported product upwards. B. A quota reduces both domestic consumption and domestic production. C. A quota raises the quality of the imported product. D A quota raises the world price of the imported product. 4. Refer to the following diagram. The deadweight loss brought by a tariff is represented by A. Area (E + G). B. Area (H + D+ B). c. Area (B + q. Under the individual visit scheme, many individuals from the mainland of China travel to Hong Kong. This increases Hong Kongs (1) domestic exports of goods. (2) re-exports of goods. (3) exports of services. (4) imports of goods. A. (2) only B. (3) only C. (3) and (4) only D. (2) and (3) only 8. Which of the following descriptions about Hong Kongs attempts to face challenges in foreign trade is INCORRECT? A. Introduction of the Mandatory Provident Fund to improve the welfare of workers B. Improving productivity through capital investment as well as research and development C. Relocating land-intensive and labour-intensive production processes to the mainland of China and other low-cost economies D. Participating actively in international organisations and conferences to promote international trade Short Questions Country A imports Good X and exports Good Y. Suppose the world price of Good X is lower than the domestic price of Good X in Country A under autarky. With the help of TWO diagrams, compare the situation without trade and the situation with trade and show the gains from trade. Do all domestic consumers and domestic producers benefit from trade? (8 marks) b**. Suppose the world price of Good Y is higher than the domestic price of Good Y in Country A under autarky. With the help of TWO diagrams, compare the situation domestic consumers and domestic producers benefit from trade? 8 marks) With the help of a diagram, illustrate why the imposition of a quota would benefit domestic producers but harm domestic consumers and bring a deadweight loss to an economy. (8 marks) Structured Questions Trade Organization, China has to reduce its tariff on cotton. Suppose the world price f cotton remains unchanged after the tariff reduction. a. With the help ofa diagram, illustrate how the reduction in the tariff affects the domestic price, domest ic consumption, domestic production and volume of imports of cotton. (7 marks) b. How does the tariff reduction affect the consumer surplus, producer surplus, government revenue and total social surplus? (5 marks) a. Compare the effects of an increase in domestic demand on the domestic price, domestic consumption, domestic production and volume of imports if a country imposes a tariff and a quota on its imports, respectively. 12 marks) b. Would consumers prefer a tariff or a quota in the above situation? (2 marks) Answers p. 150 1. They mainly want to cut the volume of imports so as to protect their domestic industries. Moreover, imposition of duties on imported goods may raise government revenue. . The imposition of duties will raise the domestic price of imported goods, reduce the volume of imports, lower the consumer surplus of domestic consumers, but increase the producer surplus of domestic producers. 3. Many of Hong Kongs imports do not have domestic substitutes, e. g. , water, food, raw materials. Moreover, the image of a free port facilitates Hong Kongâ₠¬â„¢s negotiation with its trading partners to reduce their trade barriers. On the whole, free trade brings more benefit than harm to Hong Kong. p. 151 Discuss 12. 1 After tariffs are imposed, the domestic prices of imports rise. By the law of demand, people will buy fewer units of imports. After the imposition of quotas, the maximum quantities of imports allowed are smaller than the equilibrium quantities. As a result, the quantities of imports will drop. As people buy fewer units of imports, they buy more units of domestic goods as substitutes for imports. Hence, domestic industries are protected. p. 154 Discuss 12. 2 No. With free trade, domestic prices drop and domestic consumption rises. As a result, the consumer surplus increases, as illustrated by Area (C + E) in Fig. 12. 3. Hence, domestic consumers of imports gain. However, domestic prices drop and domestic production falls. As a result, the producer surplus decreases, as illustrated by Area C Therefore, free trade does not benefit everybody. However, on the whole, as consumers’ gains are greater than producers’ losses, the total social surplus increases, as illustrated by Area E in Fig. 12. 3. Test Yourself 12. 1 At domestic prices below (Pw + t), since the price cannot cover the cost [i. e. the world price (PW) plus tariff (t)], importers are not willing to supply the good. Only domestic producers with MC domestic price will supply. This portion of the supply curve is represented by line segment ae. Since the domestic economy is a small open economy, it cannot affect the world price (PW) no matter how many units it imports. At the domestic price of (Pw + t), since the price can cover the (constant) cost, importers are willing to supply as many units as consumers desire without raising the price. Even if demand increases, the domestic price will not rise above (Pw + t). Hence, the supply curve turns horizontal at Point e (represented by line segment eg). How to cite Answer to exercises, Papers

Answer to exercises Free Essays

Why does the Hong Kong Government impose duties on very few types of imports? p. 151 Discuss 12. Explain how the imposition of tariffs and quotas may restrict international trade and rotect domestic industries. We will write a custom essay sample on Answer to exercises or any similar topic only for you Order Now p. 154 12. 2 ‘Free trade benefits everybody in an economy. ‘ Do you agree? Explain. Test yourself Refer to Fig. 12. 5. Explain why the supply curve after the imposition ofa unit tariff t is represented by the line abeg (Hint: Find out the quantities supplied at domestic prices below, equal to and above (Pw + t), respectively). p. 160 12. 3 Who would gain and who would lose under a quota? Fill in the following table with a in the appropriate box and account for them. Lose Reasons The importing country which imposes a quota Consumers Producers of import-competing industries The government The exporting faces a quota Producers of exports How do trade barriers imposed on the exports of the mainland of China also adversely affect Hong Kong? pp. 173-176 Exercises Multiple Choice Questions Free trade A. benefits all domestic consumers and producers. B. benefits domestic consumers of imports but harms domestic producers of import- competing industries. C. benefits domestic consumers of exports but harms domestic producers of exports. D. arms all domestic consumers and producers. Which of the following descriptions about trade barriers is INCORRECT? A. A tariff is a ax imposed on imports. B. A quota is a maximum limit imposed on the quantity of imports. C. An export subsidy is a government grant on exports. D. Exchange control is the government control over exchange rates, i. e. the prices of foreign currencies in terms of domestic currency. Which of the following is an effect of a quota? A. A quota shifts the supply curve of the imported product upwards. B. A quota reduces both domestic consumption and domestic production. C. A quota raises the quality of the imported product. D A quota raises the world price of the imported product. 4. Refer to the following diagram. The deadweight loss brought by a tariff is represented by A. Area (E + G). B. Area (H + D+ B). c. Area (B + q. Under the individual visit scheme, many individuals from the mainland of China travel to Hong Kong. This increases Hong Kongs (1) domestic exports of goods. (2) re-exports of goods. (3) exports of services. (4) imports of goods. A. (2) only B. (3) only C. (3) and (4) only D. (2) and (3) only 8. Which of the following descriptions about Hong Kongs attempts to face challenges in foreign trade is INCORRECT? A. Introduction of the Mandatory Provident Fund to improve the welfare of workers B. Improving productivity through capital investment as well as research and development C. Relocating land-intensive and labour-intensive production processes to the mainland of China and other low-cost economies D. Participating actively in international organisations and conferences to promote international trade Short Questions Country A imports Good X and exports Good Y. Suppose the world price of Good X is lower than the domestic price of Good X in Country A under autarky. With the help of TWO diagrams, compare the situation without trade and the situation with trade and show the gains from trade. Do all domestic consumers and domestic producers benefit from trade? (8 marks) b**. Suppose the world price of Good Y is higher than the domestic price of Good Y in Country A under autarky. With the help of TWO diagrams, compare the situation domestic consumers and domestic producers benefit from trade? 8 marks) With the help of a diagram, illustrate why the imposition of a quota would benefit domestic producers but harm domestic consumers and bring a deadweight loss to an economy. (8 marks) Structured Questions Trade Organization, China has to reduce its tariff on cotton. Suppose the world price f cotton remains unchanged after the tariff reduction. a. With the help ofa diagram, illustrate how the reduction in the tariff affects the domestic price, domest ic consumption, domestic production and volume of imports of cotton. (7 marks) b. How does the tariff reduction affect the consumer surplus, producer surplus, government revenue and total social surplus? (5 marks) a. Compare the effects of an increase in domestic demand on the domestic price, domestic consumption, domestic production and volume of imports if a country imposes a tariff and a quota on its imports, respectively. 12 marks) b. Would consumers prefer a tariff or a quota in the above situation? (2 marks) Answers p. 150 1. They mainly want to cut the volume of imports so as to protect their domestic industries. Moreover, imposition of duties on imported goods may raise government revenue. . The imposition of duties will raise the domestic price of imported goods, reduce the volume of imports, lower the consumer surplus of domestic consumers, but increase the producer surplus of domestic producers. 3. Many of Hong Kongs imports do not have domestic substitutes, e. g. , water, food, raw materials. Moreover, the image of a free port facilitates Hong Kongâ₠¬â„¢s negotiation with its trading partners to reduce their trade barriers. On the whole, free trade brings more benefit than harm to Hong Kong. p. 151 Discuss 12. 1 After tariffs are imposed, the domestic prices of imports rise. By the law of demand, people will buy fewer units of imports. After the imposition of quotas, the maximum quantities of imports allowed are smaller than the equilibrium quantities. As a result, the quantities of imports will drop. As people buy fewer units of imports, they buy more units of domestic goods as substitutes for imports. Hence, domestic industries are protected. p. 154 Discuss 12. 2 No. With free trade, domestic prices drop and domestic consumption rises. As a result, the consumer surplus increases, as illustrated by Area (C + E) in Fig. 12. 3. Hence, domestic consumers of imports gain. However, domestic prices drop and domestic production falls. As a result, the producer surplus decreases, as illustrated by Area C Therefore, free trade does not benefit everybody. However, on the whole, as consumers’ gains are greater than producers’ losses, the total social surplus increases, as illustrated by Area E in Fig. 12. 3. Test Yourself 12. 1 At domestic prices below (Pw + t), since the price cannot cover the cost [i. e. the world price (PW) plus tariff (t)], importers are not willing to supply the good. Only domestic producers with MC domestic price will supply. This portion of the supply curve is represented by line segment ae. Since the domestic economy is a small open economy, it cannot affect the world price (PW) no matter how many units it imports. At the domestic price of (Pw + t), since the price can cover the (constant) cost, importers are willing to supply as many units as consumers desire without raising the price. Even if demand increases, the domestic price will not rise above (Pw + t). Hence, the supply curve turns horizontal at Point e (represented by line segment eg). How to cite Answer to exercises, Papers

Islam, Women and Overcoming Adversity Essay Example

Islam, Women and Overcoming Adversity Paper Rida is a veil/covering from head to toe of Muslim women belonging to the dawoodi bohra, Shia sect of Islam. At adolescence, men and women have the opportunity to enter faith by giving an oath- also known as misaq- to the community’s spiritual head. Misaq is formally considered as religious birth. In simpler terms, it is a passage from childhood to adulthood. Agreeing to the covenants of misaq means that one will sincerely uphold the tenets of Islam, follow the community’s guidelines, as well as understand the duties as a Muslim. During the ceremony of misaq, both men and women vow to endorse the expectations of cover. Men must keep an untrimmed beard, and women must wear rida. At the age of thirteen, I was caught puffing on tobacco. My actions were considered impure, and since I hadn’t reached puberty all the sins were to be burdened by my parents. Being the youngest, yet most spoiled of four children, my parents and close relatives had lost all expectations of my decency. In the year of my fourteenth birthday, I decided to participate in oath taking ceremony. Although I didn’t give much affirmation to the ritual, I part-took only to fulfil the formality. My parents were already distressed bearing my unorthodox way of life, and now the move to America came closer. The idea of move brought a lot of responsibilities to my parents. They had to wrap-up decades-old business, and leave two older children. Relatives that I didn’t even know the relationship of, came in to urge caution to my parents on the exotic young adults’ culture of America. It seemed as though clouds of gloom had descended upon them. Stepping on the soil of United States, I literally felt a cool breeze through my face. Thinking now, it was probably the effect of breeze that made me question my actions and a way of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Islam, Women and Overcoming Adversity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Islam, Women and Overcoming Adversity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Islam, Women and Overcoming Adversity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I had left behind the past. It was now time to re-write the story from the beginning, a crisp page for a new life. After two years of resid

MORRIS Surname Meaning and Family History

MORRIS Surname Meaning and Family History The Morris surname has several possible origins: As an English or Scottish surname, Morris may have originated as Maurice, an Old French personal name derived from the Latin Mauritius, a given name itself  derived from the Old French more (Latin maurus), meaning moorish or dark, swarthy. In this respect it was often a nickname given to someone with dark skin. Morris may also have derived as an Anglicized form of the Welsh personal name Meurig, also from the Latin Mauritius.Possibly an Anglicized form of the ancient Irish name Ó  Muirgheasa (variant  Ãƒâ€œ Muirghis), a personal name thought to derive from muir, meaning sea and geas, meaning taboo or prohibition.Morris may also have originated as a  variant of the German Moritz, or as an Americanized form of other like-sounding Jewish surnames. Morris is the 56th most popular surname in the United States. Morris is also popular in England, coming in as the 32nd most common surname. Surname Origin:  English, Irish, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings:  MORRISS, MORISH, MORISSH, MORCE, MORSE, MORRISEY, MORICE, MORRICE   Famous People with the MORRISSurname Robert Morris Jr.  - American merchant and banker known as the financier of the American RevolutionWilliam Morris  -  American theatrical agent who founded the  William Morris Agency, one of the foremost theatrical agencies in the U.S.Lewis Morris  -  American land owner and developer, and signatory of the Declaration of IndependenceMargaretta Morris  -  American entomologistWilliam Morris  - British writer and artist; one of the principal founders of the  British Arts and Crafts Movement Where is the MORRIS Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from  Forebears, Morris is the 805th most common surname in the world- found most prevalently in the United States, where it ranks 54th, but also very common in Liberia (17th), Wales (18th), England (39th), Jamaica (46th) and Australia (55th). Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  also show the Price surname as especially common in Wales, as well as in the West Midlands region of England. Within the United States, Price is most common in the state of North Carolina, followed by South Carolina and West Virginia.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname MORRIS 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Morris DNA ProjectThis DNA project connects individuals with the Morris surname, or variants such as Maurice, Moris, Morres, Morress, Morrice, or Morriss,  who are interested in using DNA testing to help discover common Morris ancestors. Morris Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Morris family crest or coat of arms for the Morris surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. MORRIS Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Morris surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Morris query. FamilySearch - MORRIS GenealogyExplore over 11  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Morris  surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DistantCousin.com - MORRIS  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Morris. GeneaNet - Morris  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Morris  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Morris  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Morris  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

40 Different Ways to Define What Archaeologists Do

40 Different Ways to Define What Archaeologists Do Archaeology has been defined by many people in many different ways since the formal study began 150 years ago. Of course, some of the differences in those definitions reflect the dynamic nature of the field. If you look at the  history of archaeology, you will notice that the study has become more scientific over time, and more focused on human behavior. But mostly, these definitions are simply subjective, reflecting how individuals look at and feel about archaeology. Archaeologists speak from their varied experiences in the field and in the lab. Non-archaeologists speak from their vision of the archaeology, as filtered by what archaeologists say, and by how popular media presents the study. In my opinion, all of these definitions are valid expressions of what archaeology is. Defining Archaeology Archaeologists work at the excavation site of No. 1 pit of the Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum in Lintong District of Xian, Shaanxi Province, China. (August 2009).   China Photos / Getty Images [Archaeology is] the discipline with the theory and practice for the recovery of unobservable hominid behavior patterns from indirect traces in bad samples. David Clarke. 1973. Archaeology: The Loss of Innocence. Antiquity 47:17. Archaeology is the scientific study of peoples of the past... their culture and their relationship with their environment. The purpose of archaeology is to understand how humans in the past interacted with their environment, and to preserve this history for present and future learning. Larry J. Zimmerman Archaeology is a term which can be interpreted in different ways, given the broad range of research methods, periods and activities that can constitute archaeology and its research. Suzie Thomas. Community archaeology. Key Concepts in Public Archaeology. Ed. Moshenska, Gabriel. London: UCL Press, 2017. 15. Historical archaeology is more than just a treasure hunt. It is a challenging search for clues to the people, events, and places of the past. Society for Historical Archaeology Archaeology is about adventure and discovery, it involves explorations in exotic places (near or far) and it is carried out by digging detectives. Arguably, in popular culture, the research process- archaeology in action- has actually been more important than the actual research results themselves.  Cornelius Holtorf. Archaeology Is a Brand! The Meaning of Archaeology in Contemporary Popular Culture. London: Routledge, 2016. 45 Archaeology is our way of reading that message and understanding how these peoples lived. Archaeologists take the clues left behind by the people of the past, and, like detectives, work to reconstruct how long ago they lived, what they ate, what their tools and homes were like, and what became of them. State Historical Society of South Dakota Archaeology is the scientific study of past cultures and the way people lived based on the things they left behind. Alabama Archaeology Archaeology is not a science because it does not apply any recognised model has no validity: each science studies a different subject and therefore uses, or could use, a different model. Merilee Salmon, quote suggested by Andrea Vianello. A Mind-Numbing Job Archaeologists have the most mind-numbing job on the planet. Bill Watterson. Calvin and Hobbes, 17 June 2009. After all, archeology is fun. Hell, I dont break the soil periodically to reaffirm my status. I do it because archeology is still the most fun you can have with your pants on. Kent V. Flannery. 1982. The golden Marshalltown: A parable for the archeology of the 1980s. American Anthropologist 84:265-278. [Archaeology] seeks to discover how we became human beings endowed with minds and souls before we had learned to write. Grahame Clarke. 1993. A Path to Prehistory. Cited in Brian Fagans Grahame Clark: An Intellectual Biography of an Archaeologist. 2001. Westview Press. Archaeology puts all human societies on an equal footing. Brian Fagan. 1996. Introduction to the Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press, New York. Archeology is the only branch of anthropology where we kill our informants in the process of studying them. Kent Flannery. 1982. The golden Marshalltown: A parable for the archeology of the 1980s. American Anthropologist 84:265-278. The fundamental problem of using statistics in archaeology is quantification, i.e., the reduction of collections of objects to datasets. Clive Orton. Data. A Dictionary of Archaeology. Eds. Shaw, Ian and Robert Jameson. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 2002. 194. Archaeology is like life: if youre going to accomplish anything you have to learn to live with regret, learn from mistakes, and get on with it.  Tom King. 2005. Doing Archaeology. Left Coast Press Partaking of the Past Throne Room, Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece. Ed Freeman / Getty Images The archaeologist partakes of, contributes to, is validated by, and dutifully records present-day social and political structures in the identification of research problems and in the interpretation of findings. It remains for reflective, socio-political research in archaeology to decipher the present while we unearth the past, and to distinguish the two whenever possible. Joan Gero. 1985. Socio-politics and the woman-at-home ideology. American Antiquity 50(2):347 Archaeology is not simply the finite body of artefactual evidence uncovered in excavations. Rather, archaeology is what archaeologists say about that evidence. It is the ongoing process of discussing the past which is, in itself, an ongoing process. Only recently have we begun to realise the complexity of that discourse. ... [T]he discipline of archaeology is a site of disputationa dynamic, fluid, multidimensional engagement of voices bearing upon both past and present. John C. McEnroe. 2002. Cretan Questions: Politics and archaeology 1898-1913. In Labyrinth Revisited: Rethinking Minoan Archaeology, Yannis Hamilakis, editor. Oxbow Books, Oxford Public archaeology is not only a matter of working with communities or providing educational opportunities. It is about management and the construction of knowledge and the concept of heritage. Lorna-Jane Richardson, and Jaime Almansa-Snchez. Do You Even Know What Public Archaeology Is? Trends, Theory, Practice, Ethics. World Archaeology 47.2 (2015): 194-211. Print. [Archaeology] is not what you find, it’s what you find out. David Hurst Thomas. 1989. Archaeology. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 2nd edition, page 31. I can understand archaeology being attacked on the ground of its excessive realism, but to attack it as pedantic seems to be very much beside the mark. However, to attack it for any reason is foolish; one might just as well speak disrespectfully of the equator. For archaeology, being a science, is neither good nor bad, but a fact simply. Its value depends entirely on how it is used, and only an artist can use it. We look to the archaeologist for the materials, to the artist for the method. Indeed, archaeology is only really delightful when transfused into some form of art. Oscar Wilde. 1891. The Truth of Masks, Intentions (1891), and page 216 in The Works of Oscar Wilde. 1909. Edited by Jules Barbey dAurevilly, Lamb: London. The Search for Fact Tikal - the Rebel Base. Hector Garcia Archaeology is the search for fact, not truth. Indiana Jones. 1989. Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Screenplay by Jeff Boam, story by George Lucas and Menno Meyjes. An aware, responsible and engaged global archaeology might be a relevant, positive force which recognizes and celebrates difference, diversity and real multivocality. Under common skies and before divided horizons, exposure to global difference and alterity prompts us all to seek responses and responsibility. Lynn Meskell. 1998. Introduction: Archaeology matters. In Archaeology Under Fire. Lynn Meskell (ed.), Routledge Press, London. p. 5. Archaeology is the study of humanity itself, and unless that attitude towards the subject is kept in mind archaeology will be overwhelmed by impossible theories or a welter of flint chips. Margaret Murray. 1961. First steps in archaeology. Antiquity 35:13 This has become the archaeologists grandiose task: to make dried-up wellsprings bubble forth again, to make the forgotten known again, the dead alive, and to cause to flow once more that historic stream in which we are all encompassed. C. W. Ceram. 1949. Gods, Graves and Scholars. Thanks to Marilyn Johnson for the suggestion. Archaeology is the only discipline that seeks to study human behavior and thought without having any direct contact with either. Bruce G. Trigger. 1991. Archaeology and epistemology: Dialoguing across the Darwinian chasm. American Journal of Archaeology 102:1-34. A Voyage to the Past Archaeology is our voyage to the past, where we discover who we were and therefore who we are. Camille Paglia. 1999. Mummy Dearest: Archaeology is Unfairly Maligned by Trendy Academics. Wall Street Journal, p. A26 [Archaeology is] a vast fiendish jigsaw puzzle invented by the devil as an instrument of tantalizing torture.  Paul Bahn. 1989 Bluff your way through archaeology. Egmont House: London The role of New World archaeology in providing material for the study of aesthetics is not inconsiderable, but is tangential to the main interest and non-significant from the point of view of theory. In short, paraphrasing [Frederic William] Maitlands famous dictum: New World archaeology is anthropology or it is nothing. Philip Phillips. 1955. American archaeology and general anthropological theory. Southwestern Journal of Archaeology 11:246. By and by, anthropology will have the choice between being history and being nothing. Frederic William Maitland. 1911. The Collected Papers of Frederic William Maitland, vol. 3. Edited by H.A.L. Fisher. This feature is part of the About.com Guide to Field Definitions of Archaeology and Related Disciplines. Geoff Carvers Collection of Archaeology Definitions Archaeology is that branch of science which is concerned with past phases of human culture; in practice it is concerned more, but not exclusively, with early and prehistoric phases than with those illustrated by written documents. O.G.S. Crawford, 1960. Archaeology in the Field. Phoenix House, London. [Archaeology] is the method of finding out about the past of the human race in its material aspects, and the study of the products of this past. Kathleen Kenyon, 1956. Beginning in Archaeology. Phoenix House, London. Archaeology Definition: A Few Thousand Years British archaeologist Leonard Woolley (right) and T E Lawrence with a Hittite bas-relief in basalt at the ancient city of Carchemish, Turkey, 1913.   Pierre Perrin / Sygma / Getty Images Archaeology... deals with a period limited to a few thousand years and its subject is not the universe, not even the human race, but modern man. C. Leonard Woolley, 1961. Digging up the Past. Penguin, Harmondsworth. Archaeology is what archaeologists do. David Clarke, 1973 Archaeology: the loss of innocence. Antiquity 47:6-18. Archaeology is, after all, one discipline. David Clarke, 1973 Archaeology: the loss of innocence. Antiquity 47:6-18. Defining Archaeology: The Value of an Object Field Archaeology is the application of scientific method to the excavation of ancient objects, and it is based on the theory that the historical value of an object depends not so much on the nature of the object itself as on its associations, which only scientific excavation can detect... digging consists very largely in observation, recording and interpretation. C. Leonard Woolley, 1961. Digging up the Past. Penguin, Harmondsworth. Archaeology – the knowledge of how man has acquired his present position and powers – is one of the widest studies, best fitted to open the mind, and to produce that type of wide interests and toleration which is the highest result of education. William Flinders Petrie, 1904 Methods and Aims in Archaeology. Macmillan and Co., London. Archaeology Definition: Not Things, But People If there be a connecting theme in the following pages, it is this: an insistence that the archaeologist is digging up, not things, but people. R.E. Mortimer Wheeler, 1954. Archaeology from the Earth. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Field archaeology is, not surprisingly, what archaeologists do in the field. However, it also has a considerable pre-field element and an even more considerable post-field element. Sometimes the term ‘field archaeology’ is used only to refer to techniques, other than excavation, used by archaeologists in the field. ‘Field archaeology’ used in this way refers essentially to the battery of non-destructive field techniques used to locate areas of archaeological interest (sites). Peter L. Drewett, 1999. Field Archaeology: An Introduction. UCL Press, London. We are concerned here with methodical digging for systematic information, not with the upturning of earth in a hunt for the bones of saints and giants or the armoury of heroes, or just plainly for treasure. R.E. Mortimer Wheeler, 1954. Archaeology from the Earth. Oxford University Press, Oxford. The Material Remains of the Human Past Classical Greek terracotta gorgoneion antefix (roof tile), 2nd half of 5th c BC. The Metropolitan Museum, New York The Greeks and Romans, though they were interested in the early development of man and in the status of their barbarian neighbours, did not develop the necessary prerequisites for writing prehistory, namely the collection, excavation, classification, description and analysis of the material remains of the human past. Glyn E. Daniel, 1975. A Hundred and Fifty Years of Archaeology. 2nd ed. Duckworth, London. [Archaeology] researches tending to illustrate the monuments and remains of antiquity. T. J. Pettigrew, 1848. Introductory address. Transactions of the British Archaeological Association 1-15. So lsst sich Archologie bestimmen als die Wissenschaft vom materiellen Erbe der antiken Kulturen des Mittelmeerraumes. German. August Herman Niemeyer, cited in C. Huber and F. X. Schà ¼tz, 2004. Einfà ¼hrung in Archologische Informationssysteme (AIS): Ein Methodenspektrum fà ¼r Schule, Studium und Beruf mit Beispielen auf CD. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein.

Method and Meditations on First Philosophy Essay

Method and Meditations on First Philosophy - Essay Example This essay essay that God is not a receiver; human beings can attain the truth and thus the connection to nature. The idea of nature can be explored in two ways, firstly, there exists no doubt that every aspect that nature teaches people has some truth in it, and thus it is naturally general that God is the greatest as he is the creator of things. This implies that if human beings are careful, they can learn a lot of things from nature as nature were created by God. God plays in the attainment of positive knowledge, a reader can realize that, even though, the objectives of the Cartesian project remains to be credible, the existence of several ethical discrepancies and probable speculations destabilized its legitimacy beyond repair. This paper makes a conclusion that the presence of God and further significant role of God in the lives of human beings has remained an extensive and diverse topic all through the history of philosophy. Descartes’ epistemological influence to Western philosophy is the start of his attempt to create a coherent method of analysis on the knowledge concerning the world that can be acquired from the information in the Church or the Bible. Nevertheless, Descartes’ development was not to take away God from the lives of human beings. God’s Existence is consequential instantaneously from the pure and discrete idea of a totally perfect and great being. Oddly, the simplicity of this discussion has also created several misreading’s, aggravated in part by Descartes' catastrophe to articulate a sole version of this argument

Business law- legal issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business law- legal issue - Essay Example A problem usually arises where promoters of a limited liability with different financial muscles and capabilities are unable to agree on corporate affairs. Majority shareholders may think of excluding the minority shareholders and they begin carrying out the activities of the corporate as their individual business but under the veil of incorporation. The minority shareholders are such that if they hold less than 50% of the share of the company and they do not have controlling shares. Also they could also have majority shares but without a voting right. It is at this juncture that the minority shareholders may feel that there is unfair treatment and by the majority shareholders (Joffe, 2011). The minority shareholders are likely to seek various remedies available to them under the law. Minority shareholders may be oppressed in various ways which include but not limited to the; denial of involvement in management of the company, denial of fringe benefits such as scholarships by the com pany, denial of business with the company even where they don’t participate in the procurement and tendering process. The majority shareholder may also misapply the funds and capital of the company for their own benefit to the detriment of the company and minority shareholders. ... The first remedy may involve a derivative Suit. This is as general rule where a company should sue and be sued in its own name. The company should protect its own rights from third parties and even from individual officers and majority shareholders. Institution of suit, more often than not will require a resolution of the shareholders or by the directors. However it must be appreciated that a company can only act through its agents to wit directors. However whenever the majority shareholders or directors unreasonably refuses to institute legal proceedings against a party so as to protect the interests of the company, the minority shareholders are allowed to institute a suit so as to protect the rights of the company. Such a suit is known as derivative action. There are a number of reasons why the directors are refusing to initiate proceeding such as the suit would be adverse to one of the directors, or an officer of the company. This suit may also be instituted where the directors ar e in breach of fiduciary relationship (Hughes, Pendleton and Toren, n.d). The shareholder(s) instituting these proceedings must show that their intention is to protect the interests of the company and the suit is not being used to blackmail the company to either do or omit to a thing. The shareholder(s) must also show that the company stands to suffer prejudice if the derivative suit is not instituted. It is important to note that this suit is usually brought under the name of the company at the instance of shareholders against the interest of the majority shareholders and the directors. This suit can also be brought against a director or an officer.

Treating Conjuctival Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Treating Conjuctival Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia INTERFERON Topical MMC and 5-fluorouracil have been used to reduce recurrence rates when used as an adjunct to surgical excision and as a primary treatment; however, their use can be associated with marked ocular surface toxicity. Topical (1.000.000 IU/ ml/ four times a day) or subconjuctival INF alfa 2b (3 million IU/ml/ weekly) have been employed to treat CIN. In general, topical INF alpha-2b is well tolerated. Subconjunctival administration presents more side effects as flu-like symptoms (fatigue, fever, myalgias, malaise) and mild liver disturbances[i]. Local conjunctival injection and follicular conjunctivitis are the most frequently reported side effects 17 after topical administration. Redness and increase of CIN volume without ocular discomfort have been reported in a case[ii]. Fine, diffuse, clear epithelial microcysts in the cornea after instillation of topical interferon a-2b have recently documented in other case[iii] Topical INF alpha 2-b, sometimes combined with subconjunctival IN F alpha 2-b, seems to be effective as primary treatment for CIN, in recurrent cases, and also in retreatment after recurrence when INF has been used previously for a short period of time. Approximately, 9% of CIN treated with subconjunctival and/or topical INF alpha 2b showed recurrences, and 33 % of them were successfully retreated with topical IFN alpha 2b91. For INF alpha 2b topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response is 11 weeks (range 2-59). For INF alpha 2b subconjunctival and topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response is 5.5 weeks (range 2-12),91. Previous studies found the same observation[iv].The time to clinical resolution using topical INF alpha 2-b was longer (11.6 weeks) that the combined intralesional and topical interferon (4.5 weeks), but that INF alpha 2b treatment involved fewer side effects. In general, it seems that the disadvantage with topical treatment is the long duration. We must emphasize the importance of long term fo llow-up for CIN patients because recurrences can occur anywhere from 33 days to 11.5 years[v], although most recurrent CIN occurs within 2 years of initial excision[vi]. Many surgeons add adjunctive topical therapy to their surgical regimens for larger lesions100. However, all sizes of lesions could be treated with topical INF alpha as the primary treatment because it is an effective, non-invasive treatment alternative to surgery that increases quality of life with low costs[vii]. Actually, no clear consensus on the best way to manage the disorder has been established, because long-term, well designed studies are still needed. However, two recent studies have addressed the above questions and confirmed the effectiveness of this topical therapy for CIN. The first study 17 demonstrated total resolution of the tumor in 96.4% of cases treated with INF alfa 2b with a mean follow-up of 42.4 months. The second study [viii]demonstrated that topical treatment with INF and surgical excision h ave the same effectiveness as primary treatment for CIN for a mean follow-up of 35.6 months. The authors concluded that topical IFN alfa-2b and aggressive surgical excision can be considered equally effective as first choice for treating CIN. Topical INF alfa-2b has some advantages over conventional excision, including the reduction of risk to loose limbal stem cells secondary to surgical trauma and, thus, compromising the integrity of the ocular surface. This therapeutic mode can be recommended particularly for patients who reject any type of surgery, or mentally retarded patients in whom surgery is complicated as well as extended cases where an aggressive excision could cause the loss of limbal stem cells94. Topical INF or subconjunctival INF remains a controversial issue. A recent report 103 concluded that subconjunctival 0.5 ml injection of 3 million IU IFN alfa 2b is a viable medical alternative for the treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) with a mean duration of follow-up of 55 months. The authors state that the advantages of perilesional INF alfa 2b injection include more rapid tumor resolution, ensured compliance, and perhaps more direct delivery to the tumor site when compared with topical INF drops. However, some patients may be apprehensive about receiving injections around the eye and may prefer eye drops. A single weekly injection of INF may have better compliance than 4 eye-drops per day dosing for a mean of three months in many patients. Direct delivery to the tumor site may occur in well-localized lesions, while annular lesions or multifocal disease requires injection over the entire involved area, Increasing the risk of conjunctival haemorrhage. By contrast, topical therapy is delivered to the entire ocular surface and has very good success rates. Topical therapy could be recommended for patients who reject any surgical procedure or those who are apprehensive about injections.. Weekly subconjunctival INF alpha 2b might be an a lternative in resistant cases of CIN or recurrent conjunctival papillomatosis avoiding a mutilating surgery[ix] [x] A low-molecular weight glycoprotein, produced by leukocytes, has antineoplastic and antiviral properties. It slows the cellular growth cycle and enhances the body’s immune response against tumor cells. The FDA has approved IFN-a2b for the treatment of several conditions, including hairy cell leukemia. IFN-a2b therapy can be utilized as topical drops or subconjunctival injections. With drops, clinical resolution usually takes place with a mean time of about 12 weeks. Subconjunctival injection in addition topical IFN-a2b helps to initiate non-invasive effective treatment for CCIN with faster resolution time i.e. 6 weeks. In one study, the overall response rate was 96.4 percent, and the recurrence rate was 3.7 percent after one year. The regime for topical IFN-a2b drops with a concentration of 1 million IU/mL (1 M.I.U) or 3 million IU/mL (3 M.I.U), applied four tim es daily; or through subconjunctival route via injections as 3M.I.U million IU/0.5 mL, administered weekly. No significant clinical impact has been demonstrated on dose difference. When given in topical form, IFN-a2b is generally well tolerated and has minimum side effects. However the systemic effects reported so far include, mild fever, myalgia and fatigue especially after subconjunctival injections. This s can be well managed with ibuprofen. Topical IFN-A2b therapy is somehow gentle to ocular surface in terms of minimum drug epitheliopathy and patients have better compliance to IFN-A2b drops when compared to other topical chemotherapeutic agents , even if used for 12 weeks or more. No punctal plugs are needed.In summary, interferon ÃŽ ±-2b is better alternative option for topical chemotherapy that has been used in patients with CCIN .This therapy appears to provide results similar to topical chemotherapy but may be less toxic to the normal epithelium or the cornea and conjunctiva . OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS: Other treatment options in the management of conjuctival OSSN include topical retinoids, cidofovir and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Topical unguent of trans-reinoic acid (0,01%) showed complete resolution of CIN in 20% of cases, whereas 40% showed only partial response[xi]. This treatment may be then only adjuvant to surgery Regression of diffuse conjunctival CIN was demonstrated following a 6 week course of topical cidofovir eye drops (2.5 mg/ml) with later residual lesion after surgical excision[xii].Following PDT, using verteporfin, a complete clinical CIN regression, supported with angiographic evidence, has been reported at 1 month, without any recurrence for a mean follow-up of 8.6 months[xiii]. Likewise, histopathological evidence showing tumor regression following treatment with PDT in a patient with in situ CIN has been reported[xiv]. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study is a single centered descriptive case series and was carried out at department of ophthalmology, Lahore General Hospital, a tertiary care hospital affiliated with Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Lahore from March 2014 to August 2014. A total of 150 cases were operated upon during the study period and all the cases were reviewed for at least six months to look for signs of recurrence. All the patients were pre operatively examined on slit lamp and those patients with either a pterygium or inflamed eyes or with previously excised and treated suspicious growths were excluded from the study. The risks and benefits of the study were discussed with the patients. Personal profile of the patient’s along with the contact numbers of the patients was noted. All the data was recorded on a pre-designed proforma DISCUSSION: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a spectrum of disease, on which few of the large series have been documented to address the role of chemotherapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of ocular surface squamous cell neoplasia, none in particular from the Pakistan, especially ; the role of interferon therapy in management of OSSN.As the CCIN is highly recurrent tumors, many researchers have made efforts to bring a treatment modality with minimum invasive therapy and side effects to treat OSSN. In our study the rate of recurrence was which is quiet similar to the results in achieved in one study105 i.e rate of recurrence was 10.9% and and 5-year recurrence rate was 18.5%[xv] and the most significant factors found to result recurrence were tumor size and first treatment given. However, surprisingly grading invasiveness of disease and positive margins for tumor were found less statistically significant in tumor recurrence. In contribution with ongoing research as the primary tre atment therapy to treat OSSN, the interferon has proved to be most reliable drug in terms of controlling the tumor growth, preventing its recurrence and preserving the ocular surface with minimal side effects. The mitomycinC (MMC) 0.02%-0.04% is still being used for the treatment of OSSN as a part of topical therapy because of its role in lowering the recurrence rate. The standard treatment for CCIN is surgical. Due to the risk of recurrence and depending on the tumor free margins, adjuvant treatment like chemotherapy, cryotherapy and even radiotherapy has been used. Topical 5-fluorouracil and MMC have been used to minimize recurrence when used as an adjunct to surgical excision; however, their use even in the topical formulation can be associated with ocular surface toxicity. Thus, intervention with interferon alpha 2b to treat the tumor established medical regime and thus alternative to surgical procedures for the treatment of CIN with more benefits, especially in reducing tumor r ecurrence, and multiple surgies can be avoided. This new chemotherapeutic drug is being used to avoid visits of the operation theatre and is useful in decreasing the potential risk of stem cell loss and scarring of limbal area. Till to date, there are no comparative studies of this topical regime combined with surgical resection, cryotherapy and additional chemotheray in the literature. This therapy is especially recommended in conditions where patients deny undergoing any surgical procedure, patient is mentally retarded and also in patients with extensive involvement of tumor ,when to perform a surgery seems difficult, and in advanced cases where a surgical procedure may result in limbal stem cell depletion. As the role of interferon in previous studies to reduce recurrence is demonstrated, it has a substantial advantage in excising new tumor. The clinician and patient should outweigh the, duration of treatment, cost of therapy and possible side effects while deciding to initiate t he primary treatment of CIN with INF alpha 2b. Topical interferon is well tolerated in terms of lower epithelial toxicity. However, via Subconjunctival route, encounters more side effects. In a study, four of seven patients reported local conjunctival injection and follicular conjunctivitis but It was established, however, the folliculitis most likely resulted from vehicle, which contained glycerin benzyl alcohol 0.09%,, and human albumin, and not the INF alpha 2b itself[xvi]. Topical INF alpha 2b, added with subconjunctival INF alpha 2b, seems to be effective as primary treatment for CIN, in recurrent cases but also in recurrent cases where interferon has been used previously for a short time. six patients out of 66 treated with subconjunctival and/or topical INF alpha 2b had recurrences. Two of them were successfully retreated with topical INF alpha 2b. Another one achieved complete remission after intra- and perioperative MMC. For INF alpha 2b topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response was 11weeks (range, 2-59). The average follow-up was 13.3months (range, 3-40), and only three patients out of 45 had recurrences. One of them was successfully retreated with topical INF alpha 2b. For INF alpha 2b subconjunctival and topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response was 5.5weeks (range, 2-12). The average follow-up was 22.5months (range, 7.2-91), and only three patients out of 21 had recurrences. One of them was successfully retreated with topical INF alpha 2b. Another one achieved complete remission after intra- and perioperative MMC. Karpet al.[xvii]described the time for clinical resolution using INF alpha 2b was much longer (11.6weeks) than in their own previous study[xviii]in which they combined intralesional and topical interferon (4.5weeks), and also reported that INF alpha 2b treatment resulted in fewer side effects. One recurrence after treatment with 2weeks of INF alpha 2b was newly treated with topical INF alpha 2b for 8months with success[xix]. In general, it seems that the disadvantage of this form of treatment is the long duration. The only safe method of gauging when to stop the treatment is the disappearance of the lesion in the slit lamp examination. However the latest modality to search for early recurrence is based on ultra high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia[xx]. Therefore, It is important to emphasize to council the patients for the importance of long-term follow-up for CIN patients because recurrence s can occur anywhere from 33days to 11.5years[xxi], although most recurrent CIN occurs within 2years of initial excision[xxii]. The mode of onset of the tumor can even masquerade as pterygium without giving any clue of clinical suspicion and the biopsies of the recurrent pterygium have shown to be squamous cell carcinoma on histopathology. So, every specimen of pterygium should be investigated for histopathologic examination and biopsies where OSSN is found should be examined more frequently for development of clinical signs of OSSN, hence identified and treated at an early stage[xxiii]. To determine the judicious dosage of using interferon relative to the tumor size, Vann and Karp[xxiv]found efficacy relationship which was dose dependent achieved with the cumulative administration of topical therapy and subconjunctival injection for the treatment of CIN. Chenet al.[xxv] suggested that additive therapy with INF alpha 2b may be needed for all lesions to lower the recurrence, particul arly if surgical excision seems not to ensure tumor-free margins; in large sized tumors, topical INF alpha 2b may result in limited tumor regression due to lack of insufficient drug penetration. However instead of introducing large dose of intralesional INF alpha 2b, excisional biopsy to decrease tumor mass should be performed. The larger lesions require repeated subconjunctival/perilesional injections, but it is suggested that smaller or residual lesions can be managed with topical therapy alone. Other authors have described the effect of tumor size on the choice of therapy[xxvi]. Many surgeons advise additional topical therapy to their surgical regimens for larger lesions[xxvii] and the topical IFN-alpha2b plays effective role for recurrent tumors; as it avoids the risks of further destruction to stem cells around limbus as mostly other agents and surgical excision result .However, If biopsy exhibits invasiveness at any stage, topical therapy is contraindicated, surgical excision should be performed[xxviii]. However, when there is a recurrence after INF alpha 2b treatment, an alternative could be intraoperative MMC, as described by Hawkinset al [xxix]. In our experienceall lesion with large tumor size can be treated with topical interferon as the primary therapy because of its effectiveness, non-invasiveness, and an alternative regime avoiding surgery that enhances quality of life and is also cost effective. Today, no clear consensus on the best way to manage the disorder has been established, because long-term, well-designed studies are still needed. [i] [ii] [iii] [iv] [v] [vi] [vii] [viii] [ix] [x] [xi] [xii] [xiii] [xiv] [xv] Maudgil A,Patel T,Rundle P,Rennie IG,Mudhar HS- Ocular surface squamous neoplasia: analysis of 78 cases from a UK ocular oncology centre.Br J Ophthalmol ; 97 (12); 1520-4 [xvi] Schechter BA, Schrier A, Nagler RS, SmithEF, Velasquez GE. Regression of presumed primary conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia with topical interferon alpha-2b. Cornea, 2002;21:6-11. [xvii] Karp CL, Moor JK, Rosa RH Jr. Treatment of conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia with topical interpferon alpha-2b. Ophthalmology, 2001;108:1093-8. [xviii] Vann RR, Karp CL. Perilesional and topical interferon alfa 2b for conjuntival and corneal neoplasia. Ophthalmology, 1999;106:91-7. [xix] Morgenstern KE, Givan J, Wiley LA. Long-term adminstration of topical interferon alfa-2b in the treatment of conjunctival squamous papilloma. Arch Ophthalmol, 2003;121:1052-3. [xx] Thomas BJ,Galor A,Nanji AA,El Sayyad F,Wang J,Dubovy SR,Joag MG,Karp CL- Ultra high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Ocul Surf ; 12 (1); 46-58 [xxi] Tabin G, Levin S, Snibson G, LoughnanM, Taylor H. Late recurrences and the necessity for long-term follow-up in corneal and conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia. Ophthalmology, 1997;104:485-92. [xxii] Schechter BA, Nagler RS, Schrier A. Recurrent intraepithelial neoplasia treatment. Ophthalmology, 2005;112:1319. [xxiii] Pterygium and associated ocular surface squamous neoplasia.Hirst LW,Axelsen RA,Schwab I- Arch. Ophthalmol. ; 127 (1); 31-2 [xxiv] Vann RR, Karp CL. Perilesional and topical interferon alfa 2b for conjuntival and corneal neoplasia. Ophthalmology, 1999;106:91-7. [xxv] Chen HC, Chang SW, Huang SF. Adjunctive treatment with interferon alpha-2b may decrease the risk of papilloma-associated conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm recurrence. Cornea, 2004;23:726-9. [xxvi] Stone DU, Butt AL, Chodosh J. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Cornea, 2005;24:297-300 [xxvii] Stone DU, Butt AL, Chodosh J. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Cornea, 2005;24:297-300. [xxviii] Holcombe DJ,Lee GA- Am. J. Ophthalmol. opical interferon alfa-2b for the treatment of recalcitrant ocular surface squamous neoplasia ; 142 (4); 568-71 [xxix] Hawkins AS, Yu J, Hamming NA, Rubenstein JB. Treatment of recurrent conjunctival papillomatosis with mytomycin C. Am J Ophthalmol, 1999;128:638-40.

Circular Flow of Economic Activity Essay

Introduction To analyze an economy as a whole economists developed different models. The significance of these economic models enable us to understand the economic activities more vividly. For this purpose an economy can be classified in to four major sector. Which includes households, firms, government and foreign sector or external sector. There is a simple model which constitute two sectors, that is households and firms. Its working can be understand with the help ofcircular flow of economic activity of two sector model. Gradually the role of government considered as an important one and the government sector also included to this model. This is popularly known as the three sector model economic activity. But now the four sector model become more important, because almost all the countries are opened and they are actively participating in foreign trade (export and import). So, the four sector model representing an open economy. Here this hub very briefly explained about the interactions betwee n these four sectors and its working. Four Sectors of an Economy As mentioned above there are four integral parts or sectors consisting in a four sector model economy. They are house hold sector, firms, government and foreign sector. Each of them are briefly explained below. Household sector : It consist of peoples or individuals. House hold sector provides factors for productions like labor, land, building, capital etc. Consumers are also listed under household sector. Firms : It refers to the various industries which providing goods and services to satisfy the demand of households. Firms are hiring the factor services supplied by households and firms rewarded them in various forms like wages for labor, rent for land and building etc. Government : It is an important part of any economy. The main function of government sector includes policy making, implementation of policies, law and order etc. The government may make fiscal policy or monetary policy. They adjust policy instruments to stabilize the economy. The instruments may in the form of tax, subsidies, factor payments etc. Foreign sector : foreign sector is an integral one for any open economy. Since the international trade become more active every country take it as a vital one to make policy, improve national growth etc. in an open  economy, factor rewards are flowing both in to the economy and out to the economy. Whatever may be the flow of transaction s it will come under the foreign sector or external sector. It includes imports, exports, granting loans between countries, payments for renting services like shipping, air services etc. The Four Sector Model The economic activities or interactions between these four sectors of an economy can be explain with the help of a figure as showing below. Household Sector Initially household sector provides its factors of productions like land, labor, capital and organizer to the firms. And they will be rewarded by firms in different kinds. That is a labor will earn wage, capital will earn interest, organizer will earn profit and land will earn rent. After making products or output households will demand it and they pay their consumption expenditure. Here the factors of production are supplying through factor market and goods and services (output) are supplying through goods market. Similarly, households interact with government sector in two ways. Firstly, the household sector will pays taxes, which may direct or indirect taxes. Then the government may spend money in the economy for household sector in the forms like pensions, scholarships etc. Household sector interact with foreign sector in two kinds. Household sector receive transfer payments from abroad for providing their services in abroad. When the economy import something households will spen d their income on imported goods. So, import is considered as a leakage from the economy. Firms Firms are producing the goods and services. For that firms are hiring factor services supplied by household sector. After the production process they will sell the output in the goods market or commodity market. So, the firm sector will receive consumption expenditure of household sector. Firms are actively interact with government. Since taxes from business sector is much important for government, it is the expenses of firms and revenue for government. Sometimes government may provide subsidies for business firms by aiming different purposes. So, subsidies are the expenses of government sector and a alms for the business firms. Business firms are very actively  interact in foreign sector. The income of firms increase when they export goods and services to abroad. Similarly when theydemand capital goods, machines, raw materials etc, it will consider as an expenditure to the firms. Government Sector Government sector interact with household sector by providing transfer payments in the form of pensions, bonus, scholarships etc. Similarly government earn both direct and indirect taxes from household sector. Government sector also earn taxes from firms from their business activities. Above all government provides many assisting support for enriching business sector like granting subsidies, price ceiling etc. Today, every government has a touch with foreigners. They also assisting by providing loans, technical assistance etc. so, there will also be the inflow or outflow of income and output. Foreign Sector Foreign sector plays a vital role in an open economy. When household sector demand more, the import will increase and lead to a deficit foreign trade account. On the other hand foreign sector make payments on services provided by household sector in abroad.s Foreign sector pays on commodities exported by firms to abroad. So, it is a injection to the economy. Similarly foreign sector also pays on the service provided by firms in the form of air services, software etc. when tourists visits domestic economy, they will spend money, so it is also an inflow to the economy. Similarly government sector also interact with government. If government make any trade with foreign sector, there will be inflow or outflow of income. Conclusion In short, four sector model economy is an open economic model. Which showing a simple picture of the economy and economic activities. In a four sector model economy all the sectors are interacting with each other in many ways. So, it reduce the complexity for understanding the complicated activities.

Waiting To Exhale Book Review Waiting To Exhale

Book Review: Waiting to Exhale Waiting to Exhale is a wondrous, explicit representation of four middle-class African American females in the late twentieth century and their tumultuous relationships with men, relationships, and a number of both personal and professional problems that each of them endures. Though they each have problems of their own, they depend on each other’s compassion and care to get them through their trials and tribulations and their preoccupation with their relationships helps to tell each of their stories. Black men are important to them and in this sense, the novel presents the women’s frustrations and heartaches, which allows the story of what constitutes a healthy relationship between men and women, and the life†¦show more content†¦Bernadine has given up her dreams as a caterer to do what is domestically responsible of her and raise her children. Her strong commitment is diminished because her husband John announces that he wants a divorce so that he can marry his young, white secretary. Bernadine acknowledges the fact that she sacrificed and put her life on hold for a man who in the end, ends up leaving her for a white woman. Then, we have Robin Stokes, who is a young, beautiful woman but is simultaneously insecure and anxious and looks for her self-confidence through men who abuse her financially, sexually, and emotionally. Her relationship with her family creates another burden her, as her father has Alzheimer’s and her mother is the only one who wants to take care of him. Eventually, they have no choice but to admit him to a nursing home, but it is a decision that is hard for the both of them. Her relationship with men is also a tumultuous one, in which she has an affair with a man named Russell, and even though she finds out he is married to another man, her good sense is pushed away by her attraction for him. 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Field Study on Helping Behavior - 1764 Words

Abstract The aim of this field study was to examine helping behavior among passerbies in crowded and non-crowded areas. The study was carried out in an informal manner where the actor would lie down in the given areas, and the observers would record the amount of people who stopped to help or enquire. Due to the concept of the study, the passerby’s were the indirect participants and the objective of the study was discreetly disclosed to each passerby who bent down to offer assistance. Results showed that people tend to show more concern and interest in a less crowded area. Helping behavior among strangers in crowded and non-crowded settings The subject of prosocial behavior became increasingly popular since the 1970’s and†¦show more content†¦Gradually, people will tend to feel less and less responsible for their actions towards other individuals-especially those whom they do not know (Levine, 2003). Other than that, F. Stephen Bridges and Neil P. Coady (1996) carried out a study on helpfulness using a technique called â€Å"lost letters† where 420 lost, stamped letters were â€Å"dropped† carefully and equally in shop isles, besides public pay-phones and sidewalks across Broward County in Florida. A total of 210 letters were dropped in the cities and the remaining 210 in smaller towns across the county, as the aim was to find out which location had a higher return rate of letters. The envelopes consisted of addresses of two normal addresses addressed to â€Å"B. J. Wilson† (control group) and â€Å"Dandee Wilson† as well as three social deviant addresses which were â€Å"Prostitute Education†, â€Å"Legalized Prostitution†, and â€Å"Safer Hustling†. However, out of the 420 letters that were scattered across the county, only 199 were mailed back from both the locations combined. 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