Health Prevention of Heart Disease for Plano Texas Essay Example for Free

Health Prevention of Heart Disease for Plano Texas Essay Due to the increase risk for Heart disease in Plano, the population is Risk for developing Hypertension which in turn could result in decreased cardiac output, activity intolerance, imbalanced nutrition by taking more than body requirements, and a learning deficient in regarding condition, treatment plan to include, diet, exercise, follow up, Untreated Hypertension potentially puts them at risk for Congestive heart failure, angina, or myocardial infarction. These in turn can result in severe pain, decreased cardiac output, ineffective tissue perfusion, and again a learning deficient in regard to condition, treatment plan and self-care after discharge. Development of any of the above puts the patient at risk for potential anxiety and depression which may be a result of changes in role, particularly for the male bread winner, thus resulting in a threat or change in socioeconomic status, changes in environment and routines or threat or perceived threat to self-concept and Interpersonal conflicts. In assessing readiness to learn in Plano, Texas it is important to note over 53% of adults have a bachelor’s degree or higher (more than twice the national average) (Demographics). This population is in a better place to absorb knowledge. Typically, young and middle-aged adults participate more than older adults, and the average age in Plano is 37. 2 so this is a positive for learning as we move forward on our Health Promotion plan (Adults). The population more at risk for difficulty in learning is the homeless. The total number of homeless as of September 2012 is 291; this is a 55% increase since last year (Conrad, 2012). Although this is not a huge number comparatively it is significant in evaluating readiness to learn. Homeless people are at a great disadvantage for receiving access to education because it is not as easily readily available to them. There are a number of community resources for the homeless, and it is important we work with The Samaritan Inn, The Family Promise Network, My Friend’s House as well as the Collin County Homeless Coalition, and the Metro Dallas Homeless in presenting the education materials we stand a better chance of the material being received, absorbed and applied by the homeless population. It is also important to work with these programs to see if the education is being implemented within the facilities by evaluating meal selections, access or encouragement of exercise. This can serve as not only physical by emotional advantage to all at risk patients.

Law of Protection Business Information Critique

Law of Protection Business Information Critique A critique of the extent of implementing the law of protection business information in Europe and the U.S. Introduction Stealing secretive business information and economic espionages as a result of globalization reveals an increase in the involvement of many commercial blocks to protect business ideas, through a litigation process. Regional economic blocks such as the jurisdiction of the European Union through its Commission as well as the U.S. have increased an extent of laws, from the roots of the international law provisions, so that it can protect the business firms in their jurisdictions from the vices. An important thing to note is that business information regarding the intellectual properties is critical in the center for this discussion through four key areas namely the copyright issues, trademark issues, trade secrets and patent issues. Many of the states in the case study regions have come up with various pieces of law as well as definitions of the trade secrets that they protect which is enforceable throughout the world. The process that enables application of such laws involves the provisions by international treats which might lead to contractual agreements or guide multilateral and bilateral relations between states. Global bodies whose conventions are legally binding such as the United Nations also come up with regulations which, particularly, for the case, protect the way of business information and also trade secrets through the assent by signature to that body. The process of globalization makes many nations to realize the many problems that all states share. However, the capabilities and foreign policy elements of various jurisdictions are not equal. Also, if some of the nations decide to address the problems alone, they may not be able to come up with ways of protecting their citizens or firms in an international platform without the help of the rules guiding the relations between various states. Therefore, it is important that there are not only global bodies present for international protection but also institutions such as the legal departments that come up with the legislations. They should also be able to enforce it through statutory provisions in the conventions signed by parties on a voluntary basis. Ideally, no particular enforcement agency or body is independent in enforcing the laws but only possible with the help of the treaties. Some of the departments are given the directive to undertake certain duties for the purpose of prot ection of the states and their citizens against particular threats. In this case, theft and economic espionage have been on the rise prompting many nations to come up with the laws to protect firms and businesses from this global threat. With the increase in technology, some of the thefts take place even through online systems, such as cyber attacks, which might retrieve the nature of trade secrets regarding the nature of individual strategies of business operations to a particular company and use it for unfair competitive practices. The United Nations conventions also have the specific legislature which addresses this issue and which guides the formulation of constitutional laws by individual countries, to protect the trade secrets at an international level. The paper focuses on the nature and security of the business information, and trade secrets concerning the United States and Europe regarding nature and extent of which the particular countries involve their legal obligations in protecting companies from economic espionage and theft in a global market. Also, the paper will establish whether the recent increase in the litigation process to protect companies from the vices is as a result of the increasing number of the violation of the trade secrets law. The supportive arguments for this study will arise through the survey on the pieces of legislation by the case study countries. The focus is on how they utilize international law and the development of local legislations to guide the nature of business practice, protection of information and enhance fair competition amongst companies that face the threat of stealing trade secrets for their befit. Also, through concentration on the elements of intellectual property, the study will also involve the laws as well as the legal consequences of the violations of the provisions in each of the individual jurisdiction to establish the extent and seriousness of this problem. The purpose is to prove that the blocks are addressing the protection of trade secrets not only to their jurisdiction but also on the internationalization of business. The structure of this paper will involve the discourse on the definitions of the firm secrets by various laws and critical analysis, and assessment of the historical evolution of this principle at the international level. Also, it will conceptualize the law of trade secrets and a discussion of the legal complexities that surround its implementation. Further, the paper will look into the extent of application of the trade secrets principle while discussing the philosophies of intellectual property law in the individual jurisdictions. Lastly, the discussion will give examples of pro-plaintiff and pro-defendant cases as a trend arising from the implementation of trade secrets principle in the United States and Europe jurisdictions. Definitions of trade secrets under international laws and their historical evolutions Firstly, the treaties between states and the international laws are binding on member states due to the ratification and implementation of the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties of 1969[1].The law guides the nature of international relations and in particular contributes largely to the sources of international law in which, its violation has consequences and can be in prosecution in the international court of justice. The treaties also observe the principles of the litigation at a global level such the equal rights and self-determination by the United Nations, which ensures that the sovereignty of all states is equal despite the economic or development differences. On this realization, most of the definitions of trade secrets in the international level arise from such treaties that are binding on all members states in equal measure, especially the rules guiding the nature of conducting trade between countries. In particular, the membership of countries to the WTO is the foundation on the conventions. As an international body, therefore, special rules have to guide the relations of conducting trade between states and also fair practices that will enhance the peaceful relationship within countries. The ratification of the laws by the world trade organizations is as a result of the deliberations of member states regarding emerging problems such theft of trade secrets and economic espionage. Also, it involves coming up with a treaty containing pieces of law with the aid of legal experts that members debate on and agree to it for the purpose of its implementation. The first explanation of the principle by the WTO refers to the perspective through Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) which views the principle to be commercial and private data that are uniquely applicable to the particular company[2].The law is in consideration as the first one to protect trade secrets at the international level through protecting undisclosed business information regarding copyrights, trademarks of firms, the patents issues and the trade secrets that may result in unfair competitions of businesses. Another important agreement that will also help define the trade secrets and constitute to its historical evolution in the international scene is the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property by the World Intellectual Property Organizations[3]. Defining trade secrets is similar among many countries which agree that the protection of this principle should have a practical value. In this case, it should involve the stakeholders of the organization and not an individual. They should not be made known to the public. Section seven of TRIPS in one of the articles by WTO outlines not only the law of protecting undisclosed information by business but also its definition. One of the definitions under this treaty by states that are members of WTO addresses the secrecy of the information. The provisions describe the protected information must be secret though the vice is not obsolete. In particular, an owner of a business can reveal the secrets to the firm partners and employee, but the information should not be readily available to the public. Also, those with the secrets should keep them that way on avoiding giving the knowledge to the public. The second aspect is the commercial value of the trade secrets. According to the agreement of TRIPS, private business information is a set of ideas about a business that has a massive market segment, and the protection of the information is to prevent the commercial information from other competing companies that may try to derive the utility out of the trade secrets. Lastly, the definition could be as a result of maintaining secrets using efforts that are reasonable. In this case, the law defines trade secrets as those who fulfill the energy requirement by company owners in protecting their information. The protection of the secret is due to reasons beyond such efforts by an individual that have to be reasonable. Some of the reasonable efforts according to the law, therefore, refer to common law in various countries requiring contractual agreements between the company and employees on the secrecy as well as the confidentiality notices so that the law could be able to protect the information. In an international scene, this consists of the efforts by the companies especially the multinational ones as well as the states of being reasonable and resulting to security provision of the business ideas. In the above definitions by the treaty, it does not offer the civil defense, especially to the technical information protection since it tends to only focus on the commercial perspective of the information. Also, the law does not protect the use information that might be confidential to a company that gets out to the public through fair means in the regular course of competitions primarily technical information such industrial designs. According to the TRIPS, the members of WTO, besides the obligation of the institution to protect commercial and confidential information, individual countries should place national systems to safeguard the businesses under their jurisdictions. However the failure of the treaty to set the standards or extent of the protection, the protection rights have the substantial variation which may even hinder internationalization of business. Some of the examples of such hindrances are the breaches of contract and acquisitions by third parties as a result of mis appropriation that differ across economic blocks around the world[4]. Articles 1 and 10bis of the Paris conventions regarding the industrial property protection is also about the TRIPS agreements as part of the scope of protecting trade secrets. In the article of the Paris conventions, for example, it outlines the requirement of a union in the member states for offering safety to the ownerships of valuable data to be in application. According to the section, the trade secrets include the object patents, industrial designs, trade names, and trademarks, as well as the models of the utility whose sharing with other people apart from the original innovators, may result in unfair practices in the competitive environment. On the other hand, Article 10bis of the same convention also indicates forms of unfair practices and the protection of the trade secrets from this threat. In particular, this law requires that the individual countries of the union should protect their citizens from the threat by legislating against unfair practices, confusion, false allegat ions or indications of misleading the public. The process concerns the nature of activities of the industrial use of products across all economic sectors[5]. Therefore the article addresses the protection of information from the view that trade secrets involve only the intellectual property. The convention also compliments the arguments by the TRIPS regarding the fact that apart from the provisions of the agreements, there is a need for the individual states also to establish national laws. The legislations enhance the protection of property for the business especially the ones protecting the theft of information that could lead to unfair completion if in the hand of competitors. Lastly, in addition to the protection of commercial and confidential information, this convention also gives consideration to technical information which is more critical and the one that builds brands of companies such as the Walmart retail businesses and Apple technologies among other big companies with a unique innovation and presence in the world. Conceptualization of trade secrets law Different states have different opinions regarding the premises of the legislation on providing protection to business concepts at risk. For example, to Europe, an English law on trade secrets is on the assumption breach of confidence regarding the trade secrecy. In the U.S., the premise of the protection law company secrecy is through protection of the business information. Some scholars do argue that no unified theory explains the trade secrets law but however recognizes that it is a collection of norms as well as approaches that offer protection to business information. Therefore, the normative and conceptual ideas indicate that the definition of property extends beyond the actual ownerships to include products as a result of innovation and forms of labor. Also, the rise in the global concern over the issue reveals that the need for protection of this kind of information is critical in enhancing the relations between states. Though other people may view trade secrets as not being property, the future developments of law that protect their rights facilitate the concept that the characteristics of the business information meet the ownership status. The concept goes even further through law provisions in some of the jurisdictions to indicate the fact that the supply of such rights constitutes a duty. For example in the US, the protection of this nature of business property through rights implies that the information has the potential of compensation under the federal constitution. On the other hand, European nations do not consider information as property but instead provide procedures and solutions to facilitate the claims of intellectual properties. Examples of such laws in the European states include the economics and trade secrets law. Therefore, there is the existence of the concept of trade secrecy among many nations. The was increasing efforts through conventions, as well as national legislation in individual states, shows the global concern of the consistent trait of the abuse of property rights under the law of various jurisdictions. The underlying reason, such as the increasing economic espionage cases and the efforts by the governments concern to respond to adverse effects of theft of business information that is confidential, shows that the concept exists. Besides, the consistent nature towards the traits through the consequences of globalization identifies the duty of the international bodies to come up with legally binding agreements. They protect companies from the character of this threat clearly shows the emergence of the concepts as well as the trend of the risk that changes with both levels of technology and internationalization of businesses which also require continued efforts of revising the law t o protect the ideation of the businesses from theft. Underlying philosophies of law on intangibles The discussions around trade secrets in most cases tend to involve the concept of copyright protection. Therefore, it is essential to understand the nature of the concept as well as the underlying principle to enhance the later discussion concerning the extent to which both the United States of America and Europe apply the law of trade secrets in their respective jurisdictions. Also, the basis of the case laws that show the pro-plaintiff and the pro-defendant is this concept especially after the implementation of particular laws in the region as a global trend today. Intellectual property refers to the inventions, creative works, and use of symbols, names or images that identify with a particular company for commercial purposes. On this basis, the intellectual property could be divided into industry ownership and copyright issues. Some of the problems associated with industrial properties include trademarks designs and geographical indications. On the other hand, copyright involves writings and artistic works, and architectural drawings. In some cases, performing artists such as singers have specific rights which relate to copyrighting. The same applies to recordings by both radio broadcasts and television programs among other examples that copyright their material to prevent other people from using the information without their permission which in most cases involve attaching a commercial value for the usage of the products. The intellectual property rights include the allowance of individuals as well as companies with unique information to benefit from their work or ideas regarding the commercial use of their products. Some universal treaties, such as the universal declaration of human rights in Article 27 outline some of these rights[6]. Also, apart from the Paris Convention for the protection of industrial property in the earlier discourse, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of 1886 by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) also provides some of the rights[7]. Such incidences of protection of the kind of properties indicate that there are significant reasons why the world organizations should legislate to protect trade secrets. One of the reasons is that legal protection, especially to new creations in culture and technology, encourages many companies to come up with supportive measures such as additional resources for new products that will improve hum anity. Also, through this protection, the countries could experience faster economic growth, higher quality of life as well as opening up of the employment opportunities. Therefore, the protection creates a level of the interest of people with the idea and also the citizen concerns that many states serve. The occurrence of common problems through the globe also require the efforts of agreements such as through the convention to help protect the common international interests of member states since the occurrence of some of the problems such theft of information has no boundaries. Patents offer exclusive rights to inventions or technical solutions towards particular problems in most cases up to twenty years. They are necessary to provide incentives to the investors as recognition of their creativity and innovation. Patents offer protection that prevents the information from commercial production, distribution or use without consent from the owner. In this scenario, the courts enforce the protection of these rights. A patent holder could, therefore, have the exclusive right to give the information to anyone of their choice with particular confidential requirements of not sharing. Once the period expires, then the information can be free for use by the public. A trademark refers to a unique sign that is in the identification of a particular type of product.ÂÂ   The clients using the product have a relation with that particular sign. Other companies may try to copy the trademark as the way to create confusion within the customers and therefore, have an opportunity to make some of the clients to buy their products that result in unfair competition practices. Trademark protection, therefore, ensures that the owners have the rights of using the mark exclusively as a brand of their products. The courts determination also enforces the legal complexities surrounding the issues. They promote the recognition and financial gains by individuals or enterprises. They can consist of drawings, symbols, or numerical having distinguishing features. The registration of the trademarks is widespread in many countries, but however, in most cases, the impact of the brands might be restricted to the individual countries. A geographical indication is a particular location in which the product originates due to its reputation due to the place. For example, Arabian coffee or electrical appliances manufactured by the United Kingdom among others indicate that the location of that production is significant for the usage of the product. Some people might locally produce or make the products that constitute limitations for financial gain and unfair competition practices aimed at only making the profit using another companys geographical indicator. Some of the valuable reputations are vulnerable to misuse and are interpretation hence the need to protect them. In most cases, the protection is through national laws under other provisions of the law on rights. Also, WIPO through international agreements such as the Lisbon agreement and other meetings that allow member states to enhance international protection. The last one involves the copyrights where the owner of such rights can be able to prohibit or permit the use of their information that is of their originality. The examples of these applications may include a reproduction of content, public performance, broadcasting, language translation or adoption to other forms with the consent of the owner. The law applies to right from the production, distribution and to the end user of the products. The economic rights regarding the copyrights also allow companies to purchase some of the rights or give compensation for the use of the content by an individual or business such as through partnerships. In most cases, the nature of this relationship is through the directive of contractual agreements for enforcement by law[8]. The protection of the copyright rights enhances creativity and innovation. However, with the increasing technological advancement, some of the materials may be readily available through online platforms. Organizations such as the WIPO through the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCI) also provide the rights[9]. Also, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) provide the rights of using creative workers over the internet to as to protect the copyright of the owner regarding usability and economic compensations[10]. Critique of the extent of business information law in Europe Recently, protecting business ideas in Europe has made progress of legislative developments as a result of the involvement of the European Commission and ratification by the European Parliament. One of the major, legal arsenals of the industrial players in Europe is the use of patent law to protect their technology. Reports reveal concerns that the laws are not sufficient to address the problem of industrial espionage in the technological fields. In particular, the issue discusses the threat of leaking such information through former workers in companies, contractors or the other third parties. The legal complexities that both the industrial players and the European Union involve in are due to two primary reasons. The first reason is that recognition of the need to protect the trade secrets will help increase the levels of innovation in Europe and allow it to compete in an efficient manner with other jurisdictions having more protection such as the United States. The second reason is to provide a response to the increasing cases of stealing of technology within European businesses. One of the litigation to enhance the national laws is to strengthen the proposed directive which aims at breaching the gap through harmonization of existing laws. There is need to review the company laws will also help in increasing the research and development activities by balancing the leveling of the trade secret protection throughout the Europe countries to reach the same levels[11]. The formulation process is careful to ensure fair competition between various companies and the issue regarding the freedom of workers and their mobility in implementing it. Also, the legislation has to put into consideration the avoidance of restricting the independent contractors. The reasons include the fact that the scope of protection that goes beyond patent rights only and that trade secret do not only involve technological products but information with commercial value too. The need for the new legislation is the increase in the theft through digital platforms involving activities such as cyber-attacks that might potentially disclose the confidential information to the particular regarding a particular company. As a result, a report by European Commission study on secrecy off information of companies shows the use of the protection of the company secrets across all the European countries. Lastly, the definition of trade secrets as the know-how through the European Commission Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER) also requires review to widen the definition scope[12]. According to Article 1.1(i) of TTBER, trade secrets are not known or accessible, have strong use in production and contractual activities and not easily identified. Therefore, through the implementation of the litigation content, the nature of business practice will involve fairness, and positive development through better protection of the trade secrets. Critique of the extent of trade secrets in the US The United States is one of the most advanced countries regarding the protection of trade secrets through the international law application, the federal law and lastly the state law. In the US, the trade secret refers to confidential information that is also commercial which gives a substantial competitive advantage[13]. Some of the trade secrets include customer lists, marketing strategies, and pricing information. One of such secrets is the Coca-Cola formula for its products. Today, the trade secrets are increasingly becoming among the most significant valuable assets that are not tangible. The theft of these trade secrets leads to massive losses especially by the American firms to leaks by employees, foreign governments and lastly through corporate competitions. Most of the theft occurs through cyber-attacks, advanced technology, and communication devices which increase anonymity of the individuals or organizations behind the vice. In the United States, protecting information on companies lies in the jurisdiction regarding the law of states. However, the other elements such as patent information, trademarks and copyrights are a responsibility of the federal law. According to the state law, the owners of a trade secret could file lawsuits against the known individuals that misappropriate such information. In the federal law, statutes such as the Economic Espionage Act (EEA) 1996 many also protect through prosecution, in particular, a situation where the confidential information many benefit another foreign state, instruments or agent[14]. In a case where the information is for use in interstates, the law also applies in ensuring that the owner of that kind of information gets protected from the usage of that information without their consent. According to this law, the attorney general has a legal duty to bring to a civil action or obtain an injunction that is against any violation. However, it is difficult for the federal government to adequately protect the trade secrets whose owners are the US citizens. The reason is that the US department of justice, as well as the federal bureau of investigation, has less power regarding the enforcement of the law on violations of trade secrets. In particular, their investigative and prosecution duty is not in facilitation with the provisions of the law. However, through urging the Congress to adopt a more elaborate law including the federal trade secret law that is uniform across the states, it will allow dealing more effectively the problem of stealing trade secrets. The process could help most of the companies in the US to seek injunctions relief as well as the monetary benefit especially in cases in violating theft of the business information as well as assets. One of the legislations in the 114th Congress that will give the power of private action to the federal government includes the Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA) (H.R. 3326 and S. 1890)[15].ÂÂ   The process is through a substitute amendment to the statute through the house senate judiciary committee in early 2016. The Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) of 1979 is the first effort by law through the National Conference of Commissioners on uniform state law before the effort by the federal government of the espionage act[16]. Regarding the state laws, the law of the common torts applies for cases involving misappropriation. The UTSA helps through consolidating the universal laws that Forty-seven states have adopted. The Senate Judiciary Committee continues to increase in the application of procedural and substantive standards towards protection of trade secrets. Enforceable laws under the federal government that will protect secrecy of the ideas of business the Trade Secrets Act and the Economic Espionage Act[17]. The first one involves a warning to government officials not to disclose information that is confidential as well as trade secrets enacted in 1948. The consequences could lead to removal from office. On the other hand, the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 is to address increasing threats to the US businesses hence the scheme to protect trade secrets. The act involves two offenses which include stealing business data to make gains to another states organization or individual and also the trade secret theft for a financial benefit of another party. Lastly, through the international law, the United States offers a more elaborate legal protection of the trade secrets. The US complies with the provisions of TRIPS as well as the provisions of the WTO[18]. Also, through provisions of other bilateral or multilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are significant in the protection of the intellectual property through the delivery of TRIPS agreement[19]. Pro-Plaintiff or Pro-Defendant Trends Arising From the Implementati

Essay on Picture of Dorian Gray: Discovering Wilde -- Picture Dorian G

Discovering Wilde in The Picture of Dorian Gray  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The Picture of Dorian Gray can be defined as a symbolic representation of a dialectic between two aspects of Wilde's personality. Dorian is an archetypal image by which both aspects are fascinated. This suggests that his behaviour symbolizes Wilde's unconscious (i.e. unacknowledged) attitudes. Dorian is characterized by his evasiveness and his obsession with objets d'art. For example, when Basil comes to console him about Sibyl's death, he is unwilling to discuss the matter. He does not want to admit the possibility that his behaviour was reprehensible. He tells his friend: "If one doesn't talk about a thing, it has never happened. It is simply expression, as Harry says, that gives reality to things" (107). Later, after murdering Basil, he again seeks to avoid acknowledging what he has done: "He felt that the secret of the whole thing was not to realize the situation" (159). Dorian escapes from every unpleasant realization by turning his attention to other things. Unwilling to admit that his actions have moral implications, he seeks refuge in art. On hearing of Sibyl's death, he accepts an invitaton, for that very evening, to go to the opera. He learns to see life only from an aesthetic perspective. He reflects: Form is absolutely essential to it. It should have the dignity of a ceremony, as well as its unreality, and should combine the insincere character of a romantic play with the wit and beauty that makes such plays delightful to us. (142) The consequence of this attitude is that he finds himself increasingly "stepping outside" his experiences in order to observe them from a distance. Instead of living his experiences more intensely, he finds himself o... ...It is worth noting that Wilde wrote of the characters in his only novel: "Basil Hallward is what I think I am: Lord Henry what the world thinks me: Dorian what I would like to be -- in other ages, perhaps" (Letters, 352). Dorian personifies a conflict between Dionysian and Apollonian elements particularly fascinating to his creator. He has a passion for "the colour, the beauty, the joy of life" (40), but avoids becoming involved with any experience for fear of it causing him possible pain. Basil's and Lord Henry's fascination with him represents Wilde's obsession with a young dandy whose evasiveness and pseudo-aestheticism symbolize his own unconscious fears. Works Cited Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Ed. Isobel Murray. London: Oxford University Press, 1974. Wilde, Oscar. The Letters of Oscar Wilde. Ed. R. Hart-Davis. London: Hart-Davis, 1962.   

Mussolini’s Battle for Births Policy Essay -- Italian Government, Pol

Section A- Plan of Investigation: What was the impact of Mussolini’s â€Å"Battle for Births† policy on Italy between 1926 and 1945? The investigation will focus on economic and social impacts of the â€Å"Battle for Births†. Mussolini demanded that the Italian population grow rapidly and abundantly, without regard to the consequences that would accompany a sudden increase in population. In order to successfully investigate this question, the motives for the policy and the means of enforcing the policy, such as taxes, organizations, and incentives, will also need to be analyzed. In addition, two of the sources that will be used to support this investigation, Mussolini and Fascism by Patricia Knight and Battle for Births: The Fascist Pronatalist Campaign in Italy 1925 to 1938 by Lauren E. Forcucci will be evaluated for their origins, purposes, values, and limitations. This investigation will not include the impact of Mussolini’s â€Å"Battle for Grain†, â€Å"Battle for Land", or à ¢â‚¬Å"Battle for Lira† in relation to his â€Å"Battle for the Births†. Section B- Summary of Evidence: After World War I, Mussolini’s Battle for Births, a campaign designed to increase the population of Italy by increasing the birth rate, commenced in 1925 (Forcucci 1). Mussolini proposed, â€Å"Italy, if she is to count for anything in the world, must have a population of not less than sixty million inhabitants by the middle of this century†(Knight 67). He feared that Italy would be unable to defend herself against the surrounding populations, such as the Germans, who numbered up to ninety million, and the Slavs, who approximated up to two hundred million (Smith 160). Nevertheless, expanding the country’s population from forty million to sixty million people would be a real feat (Ho... ...particular fascist policy of Mussolini’s. Section E- Conclusion: Benito Mussolini’s Battle for Births encompassed the core of Fascist Italy. The soul of an immense fascist population is uncompromising nationalism. As a dictator, he not only seized control of economic, political, and religious affairs of Italy, but also of the social affairs, intervening with the idea of an â€Å"ideal family†. Mussolini did not manage to salvage the plummeting birth rate that tailed World War I, or to reconstruct his prized ancient Rome, or to strengthen his army with this battle. Hence, Mussolini’s failure of a policy can only claim one evident constructive outcome. It strengthened the fascist Italian woman and secured her role. The Battle for Births increased the percentage of women in the work force, turning them away from their designated and traditional roles unintentionally.

Evaluate proposals for reducing environmental air pollution by energy E

Evaluate proposals for reducing environmental air pollution by energy taxation and emissions trading. Pollution is created as a by-product of output in most industries. It can be described as an external cost to the economy as its existence causes a loss of welfare to the population as a whole, and, in a free market, this loss of welfare will generally go uncompensated. However, that does not mean that the optimal level of pollution is zero, contrary to the environmentalist presumption, as this would mean that economic activity would have to be zero and this is illogical. Therefore, an optimal level of pollution and corresponding economic activity has to be found. According to the Pareto efficient, the ideal allocation of resources occurs when nobody can be made better off without making someone else worse off. In the case of pollution production, this can also be defined as the point of production where the marginal net private benefit (MNPB) of the polluter is equal to the marginal external cost (MEC) as a whole, as shown on diagram 1, at the level of economic activity Q*. The polluter’s total net private benefit from production is illustrated on diagram 1 as the area below the MNPB curve and total external cost is the area below the MEC curve. Using this analysis, we can see that ‘A’ is the largest area of net benefit available, thus confirming that Q* is the optimal level of activity. However, without regulation in this market it is likely the polluter will continue to operate at Q to maximize their own private benefits, although this will create an unacceptable level of external costs. Therefore, the government faces several policy choices in order to regulate pollution and keep it at an optimal l... ...mits are also effective in lowering emissions, but only if they are auctioned off and tradable in the market. If there is grandfathering (giving permits only to established firms in the industry) or output based allocation present then this would incur a greater cost to the economy than auctioning off permits, thus increasing the optimum level of emissions. Bibliography * Banzhaf, Burtraw & Palmer, Capping Emissions: Where Efficiency and Public Interest Intersect, Public Utilities fortnightly, 1st Dec 2002 * Pearce & Turner, Economics of natural resources and the environment, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990 * Pindyick & Rubinfeld, Microeconomics – 2nd edition, Macmillan, 1992 * Parry. I, Are Tradable Emissions Permits a Good Idea? Resources for the future Issue Brief 02-33 * DTI, Energy White Paper, TSO, Feb 2003 * www.defra.gov.uk

Probation Officers Essay

Probation officers work with criminal offenders, some of whom may be dangerous. They also monitor offenders to prevent them from committing new crimes. Workers in this occupation must meet many court-imposed deadlines and also travel, especially if they work in rural areas. Probation officers usually have to have a bachelor’s degree, but the requirement varies by agency. Officers who work in the probation system have various duties that keep their job busy. They evaluate offenders to determine the best course of treatment. They provide offenders with resources to aid in rehabilitation. Probation officers discuss treatment options and arrange those treatment programs for offenders. One of the main duties for a probation officer is to supervise offenders and monitor their progress. They conduct meetings with offenders as well as their family and friends. Then the most boring part of their job is to write reports on the progress of offenders. Probation officers are also associated with correctional treatment specialists since they both are relatively the same occupation. Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists work with offenders who are given probation instead of jail time, who are still in prison, or who have been released from prison. There are several types of probation officers and correctional treatment specialists. Probation officers, who are called community supervision officers in some states, supervise people who have been placed on probation. They work to ensure that the offender is not a danger to the community and to help in their rehabilitation. Probation officers write reports that detail each offender’s treatment plans and their progress since they were put on probation. Most probation officers work with either adults or juveniles. Only in small, mostly rural, jurisdictions do probation officers counsel both adults and juveniles. Pretrial services officers investigate an offender’s background to determine if that offender can be safely allowed back into the community before his or her trial date. They must assess the risk and make a recommendation to a judge who decides on the appropriate sentencing or bond amount. When offenders are allowed back into the community, pretrial officers supervise them to make sure that they stay with the terms of their release and appear at their trials. Parole officers work with people who have been released from jail and are serving parole to help them re-enter society. Parole officers monitor post-release offenders and provide them with various resources, such as substance abuse counseling or job training, to aid in their rehabilitation. By doing so, the officers try to change the offenders’ behavior and thus to reduce the risk of that person committing another crime and having to return to jail or prison. Both probation and parole officers supervise offenders though personal contact with the offenders and their families. Probation and parole officers require regularly scheduled contact with offenders by telephone or through office visits, and they may also check on offenders at their homes or places of work. Probation and parole officers also oversee drug testing and electronic monitoring of offenders. In some states, officers do the jobs of both probation and parole officers. Correctional treatment specialists, who also may be known as case managers or correctional counselors, counsel offenders and develop rehabilitation plans for them to follow when they are no longer in prison or on parole. They may evaluate inmates using questionnaires and psychological tests. They also work with inmates, probation officers, and staff of other agencies to develop parole and release plans. For example, they may plan education and training programs to improve offenders’ job skills. Correctional treatment specialists write case reports that cover the inmate’s history and the likelihood that he or she will commit another crime. When their clients are eligible for release, the case reports are given to the appropriate parole board. The specialist may help set up counseling for the offenders and their families, find substance-abuse or mental health treatment options, aid in job placement, and find housing. Correctional treatment specialists also explain the terms and conditions of the prisoner’s release, write reports, and keep detailed written accounts of each offender’s progress. Specialists who work in parole and probation agencies have many of the same duties as their counterparts in correctional institutions. The number of cases a probation officer or correctional treatment specialist handles at one time depends on the need of offenders and the risks associated with each individual. Higher risk offenders usually command more of the officer’s time and resources. The caseload size also varies by agency. Technological advancements, such as, improved tests for screening drug use, electronic devices to monitor clients, and kiosks that allow clients to check in remotely, help probation officers and correctional treatment specialists supervise and counsel offenders. Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists must meet many court-imposed deadlines, which contribute to heavy workloads and extensive paperwork. Many officers travel to do home and employment checks and property searches, especially in rural areas. Because of the hostile environments probation officers may encounter, some must carry a firearm or other weapon for protection. All of these factors, as well as the frustration some officers and specialists feel in dealing with offenders who violate the terms of their release, contribute to a stressful work environment. Although the high stress levels make the job difficult at times, this work also can be rewarding. Many officers and specialists receive personal satisfaction from counseling members of their community and helping them become productive citizens. Although many officers and specialists work full time, the demands of the job often lead to their working much longer hours. For example, many agencies rotate an on-call officer position. When these workers are on-call, they must respond to any issues with offenders of law enforcement 24 hours a day. Extensive travel and paperwork can also contribute to their having to work longer hours. A bachelor’s degree in social work, criminal justice, psychology, or a related field is usually required. Some employers require a master’s degree in a related field for candidates who do not have previous related work experience. Although job requirements may vary, related work may include work in probation, pretrial services, parole, corrections, criminal investigations, substance abuse treatment, social work, or counseling. Work in any of these fields is typically considered a plus in the hiring process. Most probation officers and correctional treatment specialists must complete a training program sponsored by their state government or the federal government, after which they may have to pass a certification test. In addition, they may be required to work as trainees or on a probationary period for up to one year before being offered a permanent position. Some probation officers go on to specialize in a certain type of casework. For example, an officer may work only with domestic violence offenders or deal only with substance-abuse cases. Officers receive training specific to the group that they are working with so that they are better prepared to help that type of offender. Most agencies require applicants to be at least 21 years old and, for federal employment, not older than 37 years of age. In addition, most departments require candidates to have a record free of felony convictions and to submit to drug testing and a valid driver’s license is often required. Being a probation officer or a correctional treatment specialist is a very important job for the justice department because some of the offenders who are returning to civilian life need help adjusting back from the prison life that they had been accustomed to for so long. Also, a probation officer is needed for the offenders who are not quite bad enough to be put in jail or prison. They just need to have an eye kept on them to prevent them from committing another violation or commit a more serious crime. Even though probation officers have offenders to monitor, they also have a ton of paperwork to record and keep for the offenders file. The officers have to be perceptive in noticing minor details in the offender’s behavior and overall attitude toward the situation they are in. Probation officers are a key asset for the courts to use and without them the justice system would not be able to function because the judges would have no other option than to send the offenders to jail or prison and that would overpopulate the already overpopulated jail and prisons. Bibliography http://www.calmis.ca.gov/file/occguide/PROBOFF.HTM http://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/probation-officers-and-correctional-treatment-specialists.htm#tab-4

Candy’s Dog being shot dead Essay

I believe that Candy’s dog being shot dead is one of the most important parts of the novel and should definitely be included in a film version. In this scene Carlson starts moaning about how much Candy’s old dog smells. He then suggests that Candy should shoot him and even offers to do it himself. But it is the things that Carlson says in order to justify himself that are important for the readers because it helps us to see why George decided to do what he did at the end of the book. For example, when Carlson says, â€Å"This old dog, just suffers hisself all the time,† and â€Å"you aint been kind to him, keeping him alive,† when he is trying to convince Candy that it is almost cruel to make him live life any longer. Carlson also describes how Candy could kill the dog in a quick, humane way. He says, â€Å"shoot him right in the back of the head – he’d never know what hit him. † This is particularly important because George kills Lennie in this exact way. It is where he got the idea that ‘mercy killing’ was even an option. Slim is then asked to give his opinion and he agrees with Carlson saying, â€Å"That dog aint no good to himself. † As Slim is the only person on the ranch to have natural authority, and his â€Å"opinions were law. † Candy reluctantly agrees to let Carlson shoot his dog. If this scene was left out we would not understand why George would even consider killing Lennie and we would get the impression that George carried it out in cold blood and did not care. The scene should be set in a dimly lit, dark setting. The darkness would help to emphasize the end of life. Carlson should be talking abruptly and quickly showing that he is not thinking about Candy’s feelings and is unaware of how much the dog means to Candy. Slim in contrast should be taking is time over his speech, showing that he wants this to be as painless as it can be for Candy. He shows that he cares when he instructs Carlson to â€Å"take a shovel,† so that he can bury the dog so Candy wont have to see his dog in the morning. The Fight Scene Another important scene is the fight between Curley and Lennie. In this scene Curley has just accused Slim of being with his wife and in return Slim shouts back at him. Carlson and Candy take advantage of the situation by insulting Curley. Curley feels degraded and wants to take it out on someone. Lennie is there and is the perfect person because Curley being small always feels as though he has something to prove and a ‘real chip on his shoulder’ towards bigger guys. Lennie is smiling at the thought of the dream of living ‘off the fat of the land’ and Curley uses it as an opportunity to pick a fight. He says, â€Å"What the hell you laughin’ at? † and punches Lennies face making his nose bleed. Lennie is described as being ‘too frightened to defend himself. † But under the instruction of George, Lennie grabs Curley’s hand and cannot let go, even with George slapping him round the face telling him to. Lennie feels guilty afterwards and he shows it when he says, â€Å"I didn’t wanta hurt him,† and â€Å"I didn’t mean no harm. † It is this scene that enables us to see the extent of Lennie’s strength and how dangerous it can be when combined with such a simple mind. The scene gives us a clue towards the main plot. Without this scene we would not realise what a true accident Curley’s wife’s death was and the reader would not feel as sorry for Lennie as they do. It would make the ending much less effective.