Method and Meditations on First Philosophy Essay

Method and Meditations on First Philosophy - Essay Example This essay essay that God is not a receiver; human beings can attain the truth and thus the connection to nature. The idea of nature can be explored in two ways, firstly, there exists no doubt that every aspect that nature teaches people has some truth in it, and thus it is naturally general that God is the greatest as he is the creator of things. This implies that if human beings are careful, they can learn a lot of things from nature as nature were created by God. God plays in the attainment of positive knowledge, a reader can realize that, even though, the objectives of the Cartesian project remains to be credible, the existence of several ethical discrepancies and probable speculations destabilized its legitimacy beyond repair. This paper makes a conclusion that the presence of God and further significant role of God in the lives of human beings has remained an extensive and diverse topic all through the history of philosophy. Descartes’ epistemological influence to Western philosophy is the start of his attempt to create a coherent method of analysis on the knowledge concerning the world that can be acquired from the information in the Church or the Bible. Nevertheless, Descartes’ development was not to take away God from the lives of human beings. God’s Existence is consequential instantaneously from the pure and discrete idea of a totally perfect and great being. Oddly, the simplicity of this discussion has also created several misreading’s, aggravated in part by Descartes' catastrophe to articulate a sole version of this argument

Business law- legal issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business law- legal issue - Essay Example A problem usually arises where promoters of a limited liability with different financial muscles and capabilities are unable to agree on corporate affairs. Majority shareholders may think of excluding the minority shareholders and they begin carrying out the activities of the corporate as their individual business but under the veil of incorporation. The minority shareholders are such that if they hold less than 50% of the share of the company and they do not have controlling shares. Also they could also have majority shares but without a voting right. It is at this juncture that the minority shareholders may feel that there is unfair treatment and by the majority shareholders (Joffe, 2011). The minority shareholders are likely to seek various remedies available to them under the law. Minority shareholders may be oppressed in various ways which include but not limited to the; denial of involvement in management of the company, denial of fringe benefits such as scholarships by the com pany, denial of business with the company even where they don’t participate in the procurement and tendering process. The majority shareholder may also misapply the funds and capital of the company for their own benefit to the detriment of the company and minority shareholders. ... The first remedy may involve a derivative Suit. This is as general rule where a company should sue and be sued in its own name. The company should protect its own rights from third parties and even from individual officers and majority shareholders. Institution of suit, more often than not will require a resolution of the shareholders or by the directors. However it must be appreciated that a company can only act through its agents to wit directors. However whenever the majority shareholders or directors unreasonably refuses to institute legal proceedings against a party so as to protect the interests of the company, the minority shareholders are allowed to institute a suit so as to protect the rights of the company. Such a suit is known as derivative action. There are a number of reasons why the directors are refusing to initiate proceeding such as the suit would be adverse to one of the directors, or an officer of the company. This suit may also be instituted where the directors ar e in breach of fiduciary relationship (Hughes, Pendleton and Toren, n.d). The shareholder(s) instituting these proceedings must show that their intention is to protect the interests of the company and the suit is not being used to blackmail the company to either do or omit to a thing. The shareholder(s) must also show that the company stands to suffer prejudice if the derivative suit is not instituted. It is important to note that this suit is usually brought under the name of the company at the instance of shareholders against the interest of the majority shareholders and the directors. This suit can also be brought against a director or an officer.

Treating Conjuctival Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Treating Conjuctival Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia INTERFERON Topical MMC and 5-fluorouracil have been used to reduce recurrence rates when used as an adjunct to surgical excision and as a primary treatment; however, their use can be associated with marked ocular surface toxicity. Topical (1.000.000 IU/ ml/ four times a day) or subconjuctival INF alfa 2b (3 million IU/ml/ weekly) have been employed to treat CIN. In general, topical INF alpha-2b is well tolerated. Subconjunctival administration presents more side effects as flu-like symptoms (fatigue, fever, myalgias, malaise) and mild liver disturbances[i]. Local conjunctival injection and follicular conjunctivitis are the most frequently reported side effects 17 after topical administration. Redness and increase of CIN volume without ocular discomfort have been reported in a case[ii]. Fine, diffuse, clear epithelial microcysts in the cornea after instillation of topical interferon a-2b have recently documented in other case[iii] Topical INF alpha 2-b, sometimes combined with subconjunctival IN F alpha 2-b, seems to be effective as primary treatment for CIN, in recurrent cases, and also in retreatment after recurrence when INF has been used previously for a short period of time. Approximately, 9% of CIN treated with subconjunctival and/or topical INF alpha 2b showed recurrences, and 33 % of them were successfully retreated with topical IFN alpha 2b91. For INF alpha 2b topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response is 11 weeks (range 2-59). For INF alpha 2b subconjunctival and topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response is 5.5 weeks (range 2-12),91. Previous studies found the same observation[iv].The time to clinical resolution using topical INF alpha 2-b was longer (11.6 weeks) that the combined intralesional and topical interferon (4.5 weeks), but that INF alpha 2b treatment involved fewer side effects. In general, it seems that the disadvantage with topical treatment is the long duration. We must emphasize the importance of long term fo llow-up for CIN patients because recurrences can occur anywhere from 33 days to 11.5 years[v], although most recurrent CIN occurs within 2 years of initial excision[vi]. Many surgeons add adjunctive topical therapy to their surgical regimens for larger lesions100. However, all sizes of lesions could be treated with topical INF alpha as the primary treatment because it is an effective, non-invasive treatment alternative to surgery that increases quality of life with low costs[vii]. Actually, no clear consensus on the best way to manage the disorder has been established, because long-term, well designed studies are still needed. However, two recent studies have addressed the above questions and confirmed the effectiveness of this topical therapy for CIN. The first study 17 demonstrated total resolution of the tumor in 96.4% of cases treated with INF alfa 2b with a mean follow-up of 42.4 months. The second study [viii]demonstrated that topical treatment with INF and surgical excision h ave the same effectiveness as primary treatment for CIN for a mean follow-up of 35.6 months. The authors concluded that topical IFN alfa-2b and aggressive surgical excision can be considered equally effective as first choice for treating CIN. Topical INF alfa-2b has some advantages over conventional excision, including the reduction of risk to loose limbal stem cells secondary to surgical trauma and, thus, compromising the integrity of the ocular surface. This therapeutic mode can be recommended particularly for patients who reject any type of surgery, or mentally retarded patients in whom surgery is complicated as well as extended cases where an aggressive excision could cause the loss of limbal stem cells94. Topical INF or subconjunctival INF remains a controversial issue. A recent report 103 concluded that subconjunctival 0.5 ml injection of 3 million IU IFN alfa 2b is a viable medical alternative for the treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) with a mean duration of follow-up of 55 months. The authors state that the advantages of perilesional INF alfa 2b injection include more rapid tumor resolution, ensured compliance, and perhaps more direct delivery to the tumor site when compared with topical INF drops. However, some patients may be apprehensive about receiving injections around the eye and may prefer eye drops. A single weekly injection of INF may have better compliance than 4 eye-drops per day dosing for a mean of three months in many patients. Direct delivery to the tumor site may occur in well-localized lesions, while annular lesions or multifocal disease requires injection over the entire involved area, Increasing the risk of conjunctival haemorrhage. By contrast, topical therapy is delivered to the entire ocular surface and has very good success rates. Topical therapy could be recommended for patients who reject any surgical procedure or those who are apprehensive about injections.. Weekly subconjunctival INF alpha 2b might be an a lternative in resistant cases of CIN or recurrent conjunctival papillomatosis avoiding a mutilating surgery[ix] [x] A low-molecular weight glycoprotein, produced by leukocytes, has antineoplastic and antiviral properties. It slows the cellular growth cycle and enhances the body’s immune response against tumor cells. The FDA has approved IFN-a2b for the treatment of several conditions, including hairy cell leukemia. IFN-a2b therapy can be utilized as topical drops or subconjunctival injections. With drops, clinical resolution usually takes place with a mean time of about 12 weeks. Subconjunctival injection in addition topical IFN-a2b helps to initiate non-invasive effective treatment for CCIN with faster resolution time i.e. 6 weeks. In one study, the overall response rate was 96.4 percent, and the recurrence rate was 3.7 percent after one year. The regime for topical IFN-a2b drops with a concentration of 1 million IU/mL (1 M.I.U) or 3 million IU/mL (3 M.I.U), applied four tim es daily; or through subconjunctival route via injections as 3M.I.U million IU/0.5 mL, administered weekly. No significant clinical impact has been demonstrated on dose difference. When given in topical form, IFN-a2b is generally well tolerated and has minimum side effects. However the systemic effects reported so far include, mild fever, myalgia and fatigue especially after subconjunctival injections. This s can be well managed with ibuprofen. Topical IFN-A2b therapy is somehow gentle to ocular surface in terms of minimum drug epitheliopathy and patients have better compliance to IFN-A2b drops when compared to other topical chemotherapeutic agents , even if used for 12 weeks or more. No punctal plugs are needed.In summary, interferon ÃŽ ±-2b is better alternative option for topical chemotherapy that has been used in patients with CCIN .This therapy appears to provide results similar to topical chemotherapy but may be less toxic to the normal epithelium or the cornea and conjunctiva . OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS: Other treatment options in the management of conjuctival OSSN include topical retinoids, cidofovir and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Topical unguent of trans-reinoic acid (0,01%) showed complete resolution of CIN in 20% of cases, whereas 40% showed only partial response[xi]. This treatment may be then only adjuvant to surgery Regression of diffuse conjunctival CIN was demonstrated following a 6 week course of topical cidofovir eye drops (2.5 mg/ml) with later residual lesion after surgical excision[xii].Following PDT, using verteporfin, a complete clinical CIN regression, supported with angiographic evidence, has been reported at 1 month, without any recurrence for a mean follow-up of 8.6 months[xiii]. Likewise, histopathological evidence showing tumor regression following treatment with PDT in a patient with in situ CIN has been reported[xiv]. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study is a single centered descriptive case series and was carried out at department of ophthalmology, Lahore General Hospital, a tertiary care hospital affiliated with Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Lahore from March 2014 to August 2014. A total of 150 cases were operated upon during the study period and all the cases were reviewed for at least six months to look for signs of recurrence. All the patients were pre operatively examined on slit lamp and those patients with either a pterygium or inflamed eyes or with previously excised and treated suspicious growths were excluded from the study. The risks and benefits of the study were discussed with the patients. Personal profile of the patient’s along with the contact numbers of the patients was noted. All the data was recorded on a pre-designed proforma DISCUSSION: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a spectrum of disease, on which few of the large series have been documented to address the role of chemotherapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of ocular surface squamous cell neoplasia, none in particular from the Pakistan, especially ; the role of interferon therapy in management of OSSN.As the CCIN is highly recurrent tumors, many researchers have made efforts to bring a treatment modality with minimum invasive therapy and side effects to treat OSSN. In our study the rate of recurrence was which is quiet similar to the results in achieved in one study105 i.e rate of recurrence was 10.9% and and 5-year recurrence rate was 18.5%[xv] and the most significant factors found to result recurrence were tumor size and first treatment given. However, surprisingly grading invasiveness of disease and positive margins for tumor were found less statistically significant in tumor recurrence. In contribution with ongoing research as the primary tre atment therapy to treat OSSN, the interferon has proved to be most reliable drug in terms of controlling the tumor growth, preventing its recurrence and preserving the ocular surface with minimal side effects. The mitomycinC (MMC) 0.02%-0.04% is still being used for the treatment of OSSN as a part of topical therapy because of its role in lowering the recurrence rate. The standard treatment for CCIN is surgical. Due to the risk of recurrence and depending on the tumor free margins, adjuvant treatment like chemotherapy, cryotherapy and even radiotherapy has been used. Topical 5-fluorouracil and MMC have been used to minimize recurrence when used as an adjunct to surgical excision; however, their use even in the topical formulation can be associated with ocular surface toxicity. Thus, intervention with interferon alpha 2b to treat the tumor established medical regime and thus alternative to surgical procedures for the treatment of CIN with more benefits, especially in reducing tumor r ecurrence, and multiple surgies can be avoided. This new chemotherapeutic drug is being used to avoid visits of the operation theatre and is useful in decreasing the potential risk of stem cell loss and scarring of limbal area. Till to date, there are no comparative studies of this topical regime combined with surgical resection, cryotherapy and additional chemotheray in the literature. This therapy is especially recommended in conditions where patients deny undergoing any surgical procedure, patient is mentally retarded and also in patients with extensive involvement of tumor ,when to perform a surgery seems difficult, and in advanced cases where a surgical procedure may result in limbal stem cell depletion. As the role of interferon in previous studies to reduce recurrence is demonstrated, it has a substantial advantage in excising new tumor. The clinician and patient should outweigh the, duration of treatment, cost of therapy and possible side effects while deciding to initiate t he primary treatment of CIN with INF alpha 2b. Topical interferon is well tolerated in terms of lower epithelial toxicity. However, via Subconjunctival route, encounters more side effects. In a study, four of seven patients reported local conjunctival injection and follicular conjunctivitis but It was established, however, the folliculitis most likely resulted from vehicle, which contained glycerin benzyl alcohol 0.09%,, and human albumin, and not the INF alpha 2b itself[xvi]. Topical INF alpha 2b, added with subconjunctival INF alpha 2b, seems to be effective as primary treatment for CIN, in recurrent cases but also in recurrent cases where interferon has been used previously for a short time. six patients out of 66 treated with subconjunctival and/or topical INF alpha 2b had recurrences. Two of them were successfully retreated with topical INF alpha 2b. Another one achieved complete remission after intra- and perioperative MMC. For INF alpha 2b topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response was 11weeks (range, 2-59). The average follow-up was 13.3months (range, 3-40), and only three patients out of 45 had recurrences. One of them was successfully retreated with topical INF alpha 2b. For INF alpha 2b subconjunctival and topical treatment, the average time to complete tumor response was 5.5weeks (range, 2-12). The average follow-up was 22.5months (range, 7.2-91), and only three patients out of 21 had recurrences. One of them was successfully retreated with topical INF alpha 2b. Another one achieved complete remission after intra- and perioperative MMC. Karpet al.[xvii]described the time for clinical resolution using INF alpha 2b was much longer (11.6weeks) than in their own previous study[xviii]in which they combined intralesional and topical interferon (4.5weeks), and also reported that INF alpha 2b treatment resulted in fewer side effects. One recurrence after treatment with 2weeks of INF alpha 2b was newly treated with topical INF alpha 2b for 8months with success[xix]. In general, it seems that the disadvantage of this form of treatment is the long duration. The only safe method of gauging when to stop the treatment is the disappearance of the lesion in the slit lamp examination. However the latest modality to search for early recurrence is based on ultra high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia[xx]. Therefore, It is important to emphasize to council the patients for the importance of long-term follow-up for CIN patients because recurrence s can occur anywhere from 33days to 11.5years[xxi], although most recurrent CIN occurs within 2years of initial excision[xxii]. The mode of onset of the tumor can even masquerade as pterygium without giving any clue of clinical suspicion and the biopsies of the recurrent pterygium have shown to be squamous cell carcinoma on histopathology. So, every specimen of pterygium should be investigated for histopathologic examination and biopsies where OSSN is found should be examined more frequently for development of clinical signs of OSSN, hence identified and treated at an early stage[xxiii]. To determine the judicious dosage of using interferon relative to the tumor size, Vann and Karp[xxiv]found efficacy relationship which was dose dependent achieved with the cumulative administration of topical therapy and subconjunctival injection for the treatment of CIN. Chenet al.[xxv] suggested that additive therapy with INF alpha 2b may be needed for all lesions to lower the recurrence, particul arly if surgical excision seems not to ensure tumor-free margins; in large sized tumors, topical INF alpha 2b may result in limited tumor regression due to lack of insufficient drug penetration. However instead of introducing large dose of intralesional INF alpha 2b, excisional biopsy to decrease tumor mass should be performed. The larger lesions require repeated subconjunctival/perilesional injections, but it is suggested that smaller or residual lesions can be managed with topical therapy alone. Other authors have described the effect of tumor size on the choice of therapy[xxvi]. Many surgeons advise additional topical therapy to their surgical regimens for larger lesions[xxvii] and the topical IFN-alpha2b plays effective role for recurrent tumors; as it avoids the risks of further destruction to stem cells around limbus as mostly other agents and surgical excision result .However, If biopsy exhibits invasiveness at any stage, topical therapy is contraindicated, surgical excision should be performed[xxviii]. However, when there is a recurrence after INF alpha 2b treatment, an alternative could be intraoperative MMC, as described by Hawkinset al [xxix]. In our experienceall lesion with large tumor size can be treated with topical interferon as the primary therapy because of its effectiveness, non-invasiveness, and an alternative regime avoiding surgery that enhances quality of life and is also cost effective. Today, no clear consensus on the best way to manage the disorder has been established, because long-term, well-designed studies are still needed. [i] [ii] [iii] [iv] [v] [vi] [vii] [viii] [ix] [x] [xi] [xii] [xiii] [xiv] [xv] Maudgil A,Patel T,Rundle P,Rennie IG,Mudhar HS- Ocular surface squamous neoplasia: analysis of 78 cases from a UK ocular oncology centre.Br J Ophthalmol ; 97 (12); 1520-4 [xvi] Schechter BA, Schrier A, Nagler RS, SmithEF, Velasquez GE. Regression of presumed primary conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia with topical interferon alpha-2b. Cornea, 2002;21:6-11. [xvii] Karp CL, Moor JK, Rosa RH Jr. Treatment of conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia with topical interpferon alpha-2b. Ophthalmology, 2001;108:1093-8. [xviii] Vann RR, Karp CL. Perilesional and topical interferon alfa 2b for conjuntival and corneal neoplasia. Ophthalmology, 1999;106:91-7. [xix] Morgenstern KE, Givan J, Wiley LA. Long-term adminstration of topical interferon alfa-2b in the treatment of conjunctival squamous papilloma. Arch Ophthalmol, 2003;121:1052-3. [xx] Thomas BJ,Galor A,Nanji AA,El Sayyad F,Wang J,Dubovy SR,Joag MG,Karp CL- Ultra high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Ocul Surf ; 12 (1); 46-58 [xxi] Tabin G, Levin S, Snibson G, LoughnanM, Taylor H. Late recurrences and the necessity for long-term follow-up in corneal and conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia. Ophthalmology, 1997;104:485-92. [xxii] Schechter BA, Nagler RS, Schrier A. Recurrent intraepithelial neoplasia treatment. Ophthalmology, 2005;112:1319. [xxiii] Pterygium and associated ocular surface squamous neoplasia.Hirst LW,Axelsen RA,Schwab I- Arch. Ophthalmol. ; 127 (1); 31-2 [xxiv] Vann RR, Karp CL. Perilesional and topical interferon alfa 2b for conjuntival and corneal neoplasia. Ophthalmology, 1999;106:91-7. [xxv] Chen HC, Chang SW, Huang SF. Adjunctive treatment with interferon alpha-2b may decrease the risk of papilloma-associated conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm recurrence. Cornea, 2004;23:726-9. [xxvi] Stone DU, Butt AL, Chodosh J. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Cornea, 2005;24:297-300 [xxvii] Stone DU, Butt AL, Chodosh J. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Cornea, 2005;24:297-300. [xxviii] Holcombe DJ,Lee GA- Am. J. Ophthalmol. opical interferon alfa-2b for the treatment of recalcitrant ocular surface squamous neoplasia ; 142 (4); 568-71 [xxix] Hawkins AS, Yu J, Hamming NA, Rubenstein JB. Treatment of recurrent conjunctival papillomatosis with mytomycin C. Am J Ophthalmol, 1999;128:638-40.

Circular Flow of Economic Activity Essay

Introduction To analyze an economy as a whole economists developed different models. The significance of these economic models enable us to understand the economic activities more vividly. For this purpose an economy can be classified in to four major sector. Which includes households, firms, government and foreign sector or external sector. There is a simple model which constitute two sectors, that is households and firms. Its working can be understand with the help ofcircular flow of economic activity of two sector model. Gradually the role of government considered as an important one and the government sector also included to this model. This is popularly known as the three sector model economic activity. But now the four sector model become more important, because almost all the countries are opened and they are actively participating in foreign trade (export and import). So, the four sector model representing an open economy. Here this hub very briefly explained about the interactions betwee n these four sectors and its working. Four Sectors of an Economy As mentioned above there are four integral parts or sectors consisting in a four sector model economy. They are house hold sector, firms, government and foreign sector. Each of them are briefly explained below. Household sector : It consist of peoples or individuals. House hold sector provides factors for productions like labor, land, building, capital etc. Consumers are also listed under household sector. Firms : It refers to the various industries which providing goods and services to satisfy the demand of households. Firms are hiring the factor services supplied by households and firms rewarded them in various forms like wages for labor, rent for land and building etc. Government : It is an important part of any economy. The main function of government sector includes policy making, implementation of policies, law and order etc. The government may make fiscal policy or monetary policy. They adjust policy instruments to stabilize the economy. The instruments may in the form of tax, subsidies, factor payments etc. Foreign sector : foreign sector is an integral one for any open economy. Since the international trade become more active every country take it as a vital one to make policy, improve national growth etc. in an open  economy, factor rewards are flowing both in to the economy and out to the economy. Whatever may be the flow of transaction s it will come under the foreign sector or external sector. It includes imports, exports, granting loans between countries, payments for renting services like shipping, air services etc. The Four Sector Model The economic activities or interactions between these four sectors of an economy can be explain with the help of a figure as showing below. Household Sector Initially household sector provides its factors of productions like land, labor, capital and organizer to the firms. And they will be rewarded by firms in different kinds. That is a labor will earn wage, capital will earn interest, organizer will earn profit and land will earn rent. After making products or output households will demand it and they pay their consumption expenditure. Here the factors of production are supplying through factor market and goods and services (output) are supplying through goods market. Similarly, households interact with government sector in two ways. Firstly, the household sector will pays taxes, which may direct or indirect taxes. Then the government may spend money in the economy for household sector in the forms like pensions, scholarships etc. Household sector interact with foreign sector in two kinds. Household sector receive transfer payments from abroad for providing their services in abroad. When the economy import something households will spen d their income on imported goods. So, import is considered as a leakage from the economy. Firms Firms are producing the goods and services. For that firms are hiring factor services supplied by household sector. After the production process they will sell the output in the goods market or commodity market. So, the firm sector will receive consumption expenditure of household sector. Firms are actively interact with government. Since taxes from business sector is much important for government, it is the expenses of firms and revenue for government. Sometimes government may provide subsidies for business firms by aiming different purposes. So, subsidies are the expenses of government sector and a alms for the business firms. Business firms are very actively  interact in foreign sector. The income of firms increase when they export goods and services to abroad. Similarly when theydemand capital goods, machines, raw materials etc, it will consider as an expenditure to the firms. Government Sector Government sector interact with household sector by providing transfer payments in the form of pensions, bonus, scholarships etc. Similarly government earn both direct and indirect taxes from household sector. Government sector also earn taxes from firms from their business activities. Above all government provides many assisting support for enriching business sector like granting subsidies, price ceiling etc. Today, every government has a touch with foreigners. They also assisting by providing loans, technical assistance etc. so, there will also be the inflow or outflow of income and output. Foreign Sector Foreign sector plays a vital role in an open economy. When household sector demand more, the import will increase and lead to a deficit foreign trade account. On the other hand foreign sector make payments on services provided by household sector in abroad.s Foreign sector pays on commodities exported by firms to abroad. So, it is a injection to the economy. Similarly foreign sector also pays on the service provided by firms in the form of air services, software etc. when tourists visits domestic economy, they will spend money, so it is also an inflow to the economy. Similarly government sector also interact with government. If government make any trade with foreign sector, there will be inflow or outflow of income. Conclusion In short, four sector model economy is an open economic model. Which showing a simple picture of the economy and economic activities. In a four sector model economy all the sectors are interacting with each other in many ways. So, it reduce the complexity for understanding the complicated activities.

Waiting To Exhale Book Review Waiting To Exhale

Book Review: Waiting to Exhale Waiting to Exhale is a wondrous, explicit representation of four middle-class African American females in the late twentieth century and their tumultuous relationships with men, relationships, and a number of both personal and professional problems that each of them endures. Though they each have problems of their own, they depend on each other’s compassion and care to get them through their trials and tribulations and their preoccupation with their relationships helps to tell each of their stories. Black men are important to them and in this sense, the novel presents the women’s frustrations and heartaches, which allows the story of what constitutes a healthy relationship between men and women, and the life†¦show more content†¦Bernadine has given up her dreams as a caterer to do what is domestically responsible of her and raise her children. Her strong commitment is diminished because her husband John announces that he wants a divorce so that he can marry his young, white secretary. Bernadine acknowledges the fact that she sacrificed and put her life on hold for a man who in the end, ends up leaving her for a white woman. Then, we have Robin Stokes, who is a young, beautiful woman but is simultaneously insecure and anxious and looks for her self-confidence through men who abuse her financially, sexually, and emotionally. Her relationship with her family creates another burden her, as her father has Alzheimer’s and her mother is the only one who wants to take care of him. Eventually, they have no choice but to admit him to a nursing home, but it is a decision that is hard for the both of them. Her relationship with men is also a tumultuous one, in which she has an affair with a man named Russell, and even though she finds out he is married to another man, her good sense is pushed away by her attraction for him. Finally, there is Gloria Matthews, a single mother who is beautiful and successful with her hair salon, however, is overweight, addicted to television and is convinced that all men find her unattractive. After the only man she had any sexual experience with tells her he is homosexual, she accepts her fate even more and becomes content with what sheShow MoreRelatedThe View of Society on Interracial Marriage Essay2801 Words   |  12 Pagesrates of inter- marriage. Yet, this 0.20 million shortage of Asian wives leaves a high propor- tion of frustrated Asian bachelors in its wake. Black womens resentment of intermarriage is now a staple of daytime talk shows, hit movies like Waiting to Exhale, and magazine articles. Black novelist Bebe Moore Campbell described her and her tablemates reactions upon seeing a black actor enter a restaurant with a blonde: In unison, we moaned, we groaned, we rolled our eyes heavenward . . . ThenRead MoreEnergy Healing Essay examples10168 Words   |  41 Pages The goals of religious meditation extend far beyond its potential physical health benefits and also extend beyond the scope of this book. Higher human function of body, mind, and spirit is explored in sacred literature throughout the world. An excellent summary of ancient and contemporary information on the subject can be found in Michael Murphys landmark book The Future of the Body: Explorations Into the Further Evolution of Human Nature. In the closing years of the Twentieth Century, the intimateRead MoreMkt 500 - Assignment #42702 Words   |  11 Pages      Move N Store Inc. Priya Prasad Strayer University                     Dr. Deborah Hill MKT 500 – Marketing Management May 29, 2011 Mission Statement:  Pack and exhale - Offer peace of mind to customers  by providing  most efficient and reliable moving and storage services available. We strive to exceed customer’s expectations by building relationships between  you and our team to consistently meet your needs. By utilizing the highest standards of design, development and managementRead MoreDieting Makes People Fat Essay19490 Words   |  78 Pages350 baht to 450 baht per week. If yours is a lot lower, perhaps try negotiating a raise. Here are some more ways to get money: 1. From your family. Your parents might pay you for getting good grades in school, or for reading a certain number of books, or for doing various jobs around the house. You might even earn some money from siblings, if you offer to do some of their chores. 2. Selling things. If your closet or basement is full of belongings that you no longer need or want, consider sellingRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPrinciples of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis

Field Study on Helping Behavior - 1764 Words

Abstract The aim of this field study was to examine helping behavior among passerbies in crowded and non-crowded areas. The study was carried out in an informal manner where the actor would lie down in the given areas, and the observers would record the amount of people who stopped to help or enquire. Due to the concept of the study, the passerby’s were the indirect participants and the objective of the study was discreetly disclosed to each passerby who bent down to offer assistance. Results showed that people tend to show more concern and interest in a less crowded area. Helping behavior among strangers in crowded and non-crowded settings The subject of prosocial behavior became increasingly popular since the 1970’s and†¦show more content†¦Gradually, people will tend to feel less and less responsible for their actions towards other individuals-especially those whom they do not know (Levine, 2003). Other than that, F. Stephen Bridges and Neil P. Coady (1996) carried out a study on helpfulness using a technique called â€Å"lost letters† where 420 lost, stamped letters were â€Å"dropped† carefully and equally in shop isles, besides public pay-phones and sidewalks across Broward County in Florida. A total of 210 letters were dropped in the cities and the remaining 210 in smaller towns across the county, as the aim was to find out which location had a higher return rate of letters. The envelopes consisted of addresses of two normal addresses addressed to â€Å"B. J. Wilson† (control group) and â€Å"Dandee Wilson† as well as three social deviant addresses which were â€Å"Prostitute Education†, â€Å"Legalized Prostitution†, and â€Å"Safer Hustling†. However, out of the 420 letters that were scattered across the county, only 199 were mailed back from both the locations combined. The results took an unexpected twist and showed th at there was a larger figure of return rates from the cities in contrast to the small towns (Bridges amp; Coady, p. 309). The hypothesis is that passerby’s would portray more helping attitudes and behaviors in non-crowded areas and would appear to be less helpful in crowded settings. This is in line with the research conducted by Lattane and Dabbs (1975), suggesting that there is a correlation between the amountShow MoreRelatedThe Field of Psychology840 Words   |  3 Pagesthe human experience. The field of psychology addresses the entire gamut of human behavior and the complexities of emotion. Issues related to perception and cognition are included in psychological research. Neurobiology and neurophysiology also fall under the rubric of psychology. At the same time, psychology embraces less quantifiable variables in the human experience, such as emotional responses and altered states of consciousness. Because psychology is a broad field, it exhibits a great degreeRead MoreThe History of Psychology and its Relations to Video Games Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pages Psychology is a very interesting field of science and study. It can tell interesting facts about someone and their personality. It can study a person’s behavior and the causes of the issues in their daily tasks. There have been fun tests that involve psychology. There is a lot of confusion about of psychology in media. They are normally depicted as criminal investigators and high action paced cops. While psychology is used in police activity it is not as hyped as it is in the movies or televisionRead MorePsychology And Sociology And Psychology1612 Words   |  7 PagesWhen we think of society or people, and their behavior, psychology and sociology come to our mind. This is because they are academic fields that posses the same main idea, which is the study of the behavior. Although these two sciences have enormous differences, for those whom never had read anything about this topics it would seem the same. Despite bearing some superficial similarities, the differences between sociology and psychology are pronounced. Actually the main contrast between them isRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1630 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology is a very broad field of study and requires a lot of research when choosing a career. The education that is required for pursuing a career in the field of psychology depends on the type of psychologist you want to be. Most psychology programs require at least a master s degree to pursue a psychologist career, but some may require a doctoral degree. It is important to know the educational requirements as well as state requirements when entering the field of psychology. Southwestern hasRead MorePassive And Selfless Concern For The Bystander Effect1692 Words   |  7 Pagesonline websites in the present time. For instance, there is surveillance camera footage online which shows a small two year old girl getting run over by a van in China. Almost ten m inutes go by as 18 people walk or drive past without any intentions of helping; some pedestrians looked and kept walking, others even created a path to avoid the motionless toddler. Eventually an older woman comes to the child’s aid but a few hours later he did not make it. With this short surveillance footage in mind, the finalRead MoreClinical Psychology Interview1575 Words   |  7 PagesSmith, PhD Understanding The Field of Clinical Psychologists Rodnerus Palmer Abstract An interview with a professional clinical psychologist, Dr. Ian Smith, Ph.D, was done on August 8, 2007. In the interview topics were discussed such as: background of Dr. Smith, Ph.D, a typical day of a psychologist, career path, qualities necessary for someone in the field to be successful and training. Cognitive-therapy is the approach that was discussed. Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is Dr. SmithRead MoreBystander Effect Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pages2001). The word bystander does not always have a negative connotation, but in the case of bullying or an emergency situation, it does. In either scenario, a bystander is not helping in a time of crisis and this can have many negative outcomes. Many factors play a role in remaining passive and not engaging in prosocial behavior (Evans Smokowski, 2015). One of these factors is the well-known phenomenon known as the bystander effect. According to this theory, bystanders do not take action if thereRead MoreCorrelation Be tween Prosocial Behaviors And Prosocial Behavior1491 Words   |  6 Pagesdispositions: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 70(6), 1360-1372. Purpose and Hypotheses of the Study The study by Eisenberg, Guthrie, Murphy, Shepard, Cumberland, and Carlo (1999) had two purposes. One was to examine the predictive relationship between prosocial behavior that is less likely to be motivated by other-oriented concern and general prosocial behavior and attitudes as well as empathy-related responding across a period of 19 years. A second purpose of this study was to examine whetherRead MorePsychology And Therapy For Children With Externalizing And Anxiety Issues916 Words   |  4 PagesWhile there are multiple studies on working with children with externalizing and anxiety issues in general, many of them do not investigate this kind of play therapy. In fact, 40% of the studies in this paper are the first of their kind. Having studies that are the first of their kind tell us that this is a growing field, and more research needs to be done to increase the credibility of this therapy. There are potentially many therapies for externalizing and disruptive behaviors as well as anxiety, especiallyRead MoreSocial Cognition And Social Psychology1412 Words   |  6 Pagessupporting their helpful social behavior. Learning and assessing this social behavior is a huge chunk of what inspires the study of social psychology. When we try and look at a more biological sense of this, we find ourselves with social neuroscience. Social neuroscience is a fairly new interdisciplinary field, it is devoted to understanding and explaining how thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of people are influenced by the presence of others. This growing field uses cognitive neuroscientific methods

Ramada Demonstrates Its Personal Best - 1554 Words

Written Assignments: CS1_Ramada Demonstrates Its Personal Best Description: Read the Ramada Demonstrates Its Personal Best case study and answer the three discussion questions. Instructions: Write your responses to the discussion questions in a Word document and upload it for grading. 1 Build the management-research question hierarchy for Ramada. Ramada’s Management-Research Question Hierarchy Clarifying the Research Question Discover the Management Dilemma Trends show that customer satisfaction is decreasing in the hospitality industry. Define the Management Question What can RFS do to ensure its customer service rating does not decline? Define the Research Question(s) What are the factors contribute towards customer†¦show more content†¦- American Hotel and Motel Educational Institute to learn what other companies were doing correctly to identify and hire the right people. - Unifocus to conduct in-depth guest surveys at every property as the Personal Best program roll out. - D. K. Shifflet –continued to subscribe to its syndicated research on customer satisfaction. RFS also used internal research suppliers in that it sent twenty-four researches spanned out to visit management and employees from each of its 900 sites within a six-month period. The information collection team recorded all input and a detailed summary form was generated for each property. With all the information gathered from the internal and external research suppliers, RFS determined to implement the Personal Best program e What sampling methodology was used? Why was this appropriate for this study? Answer: The probability sampling methodology was used in this case study. This type of sampling methodology was appropriate because RFS management dilemma was specific to the hospitality industry. Target audience of the research being conducted was specifically from Ramada hotel locations. The companies being research on how they were correctly identifying and hiring the right people were companies within theShow MoreRelatedRamada Demonstrates Its Personal Best - a Case Study1329 Words   |  6 PagesRamada Demonstrates Its Personal Best - A Case Study Ramada, like most mid-tier hotels, had become stagnant in customer service ratings. Management of Ramada Franchise Systems (RFS) knew that it was only a matter of time before ratings began to drop and true problems developed. RFS knew it was time to address the situation at hand. In doing so, RFS went to some of the leaders in customer service – Disney, Southwest Airlines, and Carlson Hospitality. RFS knew up front that one of the largestRead MoreEssay Ramada Demonstrates Its Personal Best - A Case Study1264 Words   |  6 PagesRamada Demonstrates Its Personal Best - A Case Study Ramada, like most mid-tier hotels, had become stagnant in customer service ratings. Management of Ramada Franchise Systems (RFS) knew that it was only a matter of time before ratings began to drop and true problems developed. RFS knew it was time to address the situation at hand. In doing so, RFS went to some of the leaders in customer service – Disney, Southwest Airlines, and Carlson Hospitality. RFS knew up front that one of the largestRead MoreAnalysis Of Payne Teaches West African At The Dance Center1451 Words   |  6 PagesIt is hard to tell when the switch from exploring to developing the concept technically happened, but his single moves became phrases across the floor as the tempo of the music increased. It is hard to tell what kind of coordination pattern best fits his personal movement vocabulary. However, the Cuckoo technique he taught was based in thrusting and swinging. African dance juxtaposes the hard energy of a thrust with the graceful musicality of a swing. Towards the end of class, he let students makeRead MoreTop Ten Advertising Agency in India11316 Words   |  46 Pagesnewspapers, magazines, television, radio, billboards and business publications to convey messages about various products. It is the advertising agencies’ advertisements which portray ideas to the audience – agencies that compete to be ranked as the best. The world’s leading advertising agencies – Ogilvy and Mather, J. Walter Thompson, BBDO, Lintas, McCann-Ericsson and Leo Burnett have successfully made a mark in the Indian market. The advertising agencies are ranked in order of their creativity asRead MoreWaste Management33554 Words   |  135 Pagesfall of Enron? [c] Should they have known about the risks and apparent lack of independence with Enron s SPEs? What should they have done about it? [a] The board of directors is responsible for ensuring that a firm’s management is acting in the best interest of the firm’s owners. As such, directors can be held liable by shareholders and others if they are negligent in their duties. Although we will never know if the board of directors could have prevented the fall of Enron, the board could haveRead MoreMarketing Channel44625 Words   |  179 Pagesrestaurants such as McDonald s and Burger King B) Starbucks operating within Target stores C) Ford and its network of independent franchised dealers D) licensed bottlers that bottle and sell Coca-Cola to retailers E) motels such as Holiday Inn and Ramada Inn Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 345 AACSB: Analytic Skills Skill: Application Objective: 12-2 84) When McDonald s offers its products inside of a Wal-Mart store, it is following a ________. A) conventional distribution channel B) corporateRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pages c. A short-term focus is created by the performance measures available. Measurements of intangible assets such as brand equity, information technology, or people are elusive at best. The long-term value of activities that will enhance or erode brand equity, for example, is difficult to convincingly demonstrate, in part because the marketplace is noisy and in part because experiments covering multiple years are very expensive. In sharp contrast, short-term performance measurements are everRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagestoo literally because, of course, many of these cases cover a variety of issues. The ‘classiï ¬ cation’ provided is therefore guidance only. We expect readers to seek their own lessons from cases, and tutors to use cases in whichever way and sequence best ï ¬ ts the purpose of their programmes. Where cases have been chosen to illustrate the issues of strategic choices and strategy in action covered later i n the book, it will normally be a prerequisite that some type of analysis of the strategic positionRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pages2011 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Instructor’s Manual Supporting resources Visit the Exploring Strategy, ninth edition Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/mystrategylab. Register to create your own personal account using the access code supplied with the copy of the book. Access the following teaching and learning resources: Resources for students †¢ A dynamic eText of the book which you can search, bookmark, annotate and highlight as you please †¢ Self-assessment